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Water Reuse
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Water Reuse Within a Refinery (TP-93-09)
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K.S. Eble & J. Feathers, Betz Industrial
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1993
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Abstract:
Before water reuse can be optimized within a refinery, all
process water streams and utility water streams must be
identified and their contaminants must be characterized. The
streams can then be mixed and matched to minimize total refinery
water use, water discharge, and water treatment. The cooling
system is typically the largest consumer of water within a
refinery, and consequently, it is the most likely place to reuse
water. This paper identifies many process water streams found in
a refinery, characterizes their contaminants, and compares those
characteristics with the level of contaminants which can be
successfully treated in the cooling system.
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Reuse of Industrial Waste Stream as Cooling Tower Makeup
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Everett C. Phillips & Richard J Strittmatter, Nalco Chemical Co.,
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1994
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Abstract:
Decreasing water supplies, increasing government regulations,
and community awareness compel industry to consider water reuse.
With their high water demand and relatively low water quality
requirements, open recirculating cooling water systems are often
consider ideal candidates for reusing industrial waste streams.
However, contaminants in the waste streams frequently present
new and significant challenges in corrosion control, scale
control, and microbiological control. Overcoming these
difficulties requires investigation of the various pretreatment
options and internal treatment programs. The optimum combination
can result in significant water and dollars savings while still
providing excellent protection of the cooling water system.
Recent practical applications of reuse of industrial waste
streams as cooling tower make-up will be presented.
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Innovative Thinking in Water Conservation
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Mikel E. Goldblatt, Betz Ind'l
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1994
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Abstract:
Two non-traditional examples of water reuse are presented,
illustrating the value of innovative thinking in addressing
specific water conservation challenges. Case 1 illustrates the
se of a large cooling system as a repository for demineralizer
waste. Normally this is not done, due to this stream's high
salinity. However, the overriding objective of minimizing
wastewater, and the establishment of protective measures allowed
for successful reuse of this stream at minimal risk. Case 2
illustrates the benefits of cascading cooling water from a
system containing barometric condensers as makeup to another
cooling system, thus maximizing reuse of medium quality cooling
water.
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Water Conservation via New Cooling Water Technology
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Nicholas J. Alfano, Calgon Corp., Dennis J. Sherren, Enron Power Corp.
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1995
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Abstract:
A substantial portion of the annual cooling water treatment
costs at Enron Power Corporation in Texas City, Texas include
the acquisition of makeup water and the disposal of blowdown.
This paper describes how the application of a newly developed
high cycle cooling water treatment program directly resulted in
a substantial savings in water use and overall cooling water
treatment costs while maintaining scale and corrosion control.
The cooling water treatment program is designed to control CaCO3
scaling at Langelier Saturation Index values approaching +3.5.
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Re-Use of Reclaimed Municipal Waste Water as Cooling Water Make-Up - Challenges and Solutions
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Narasimha M. Rao, Nalco Chemical Company
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1995
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Abstract:
High levels of total dissolved solids, ammonia, phosphate and
organic impurities characterize municipal wastewaters. This
paper presents results of an in depth laboratory and on-site
study investigating the use of tertiary treated municipal
effluent as cooling water make-up. The corrosion, fouling and
microbiological challenges unique to this water are analyzed and
solutions presented. An analysis of the various components of
the cost for treating this water is presented.
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Reclaimed Water as Cooling Tower Makeup for Refinery/Petrochemical Plants - Southern
California's Activities and Time Table
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Paul R. Puckorius, Puckorius & Associates, Inc., Kris Helm, West Basin Municipal
Water Dist., Chris Spurrell, Chevron U.S.A.
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1995
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Abstract:
The use of Title 22 Reclaimed Sewage Plant Effluent as Cooling
Tower Make-up in Place of Fresh water is an important milestone.
Its use, in place of fresh water, requires critical
considerations for successful and economical applications. The
details of how reuse should be considered, how it has been
evaluated, and the required treatment considerations are
provided in this presentation.
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Water Reuse in refineries, Chemical Plants, and Utilities: Experiences Throughout the USA and Texas - Guidelines and Case Histories
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Paul R. Puckorius, Gary A. Loretitsch, Torry Tvedt, Puckorius & Associates, Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
Water reuse has been successful and cost effective in cooling water and boiler water systems
when properly planned and matched with system operation and materials of construction.
Specific guidelines are provided for cooling and boiler water systems and treatment requirements.
Case histories throughout the USA and Texas illustrated specific experiences and results in
system protection.
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Cooling Tower System Components and the Impact of Reuse Waters.
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Paul R. Puckorius, Puckorius & Associates, Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
The increase in reuse waters replacing fresh water supplies in
cooling tower systems requires an understanding of potential
impacts on cooling tower and heat exchange equipment. This paper
identifies those reuse water ingredients that impact on scale,
fouling, corrosion, and biological concerns. It identifies those
components that are impacted, depending upon their materials of
construction and location in the cooling system. Guidelines are
provided as to what are potential problems and corrective
measures. Several case histories are provided.
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Water Reuse Experiences With Cooling Tower Systems in San Antonio, Texas
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Paul R. Puckorius, Puckorius & Associates, Inc. and Ken Diehl, San Antonio Water System
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2003
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Abstract:
Water reuse studies in pilot plant cooling tower system were
conducted that showed major benefits over use of aquifer fresh
water supplies. Actual case histories are reviewed which
identify the fresh water and chemical savings, as well as other
items to consider with reclaimed water in cooing tower water
systems. Comparison of fresh and reclaimed water use in San
Antonio provides some guidelines for other potential users to
consider.
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Denver's Cooling Tower Water Conservation Program
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Paul R. Puckorius and David A. Puckorius - Puckorius and Associates, Inc.
Jim Reed - Denver Water
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2004
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Abstract:
The Denver Water Board has initiated a cooling tower water audit
program. The purpose of this program is to identify if and to what
extent water conservation is possible through optimizing cooling tower
system operation. This paper provides the results of these audits to
date. It includes the water savings that have been identified along
with specific data on water quality that could be maintained. Over 700
cooling towers could be involved to help reduce Denver's drought
condition. There will also be a brief review of the Denver Water
Board's time schedule for water rate increases and their overall
program for water conservation.
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Evaluation into the use of Mine Drainage to Supplement Cooling Water
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Dr. A Harriram and D.G. Nieuwenhuis, Sasol Technology
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2005
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Abstract:
The Sasol petrochemical complex located in Secunda, South Africa
operates the world's largest coal to synthesis gas conversion
process. Expansion projects have resulted in an increase in cooling
water requirements which is difficult in this water short catchment.
Conversely, drainage water continuously accumulating in old coal mine
workings is a growing liability. In an effort to balance the supply
and demand within the complex, investigations were initiated into the
use of min drainage water. The mine drainage contains amongst others,
elevated concentrations of Calcium (~ 250 mg/l), Magnesium (~ 150
mg/l), and Sulphate (~ 2,955 mg/l) as well as trace quantities of iron
and manganese. The addition of up to 12% of such mine drainage water
to a cooling medium could tender the blend highly conducive to
fouling, scaling and corrosion. Pilot scale cooling towers were
operated over a twelve month period and the results including the
limitations observed will be discussed.
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Control of Resistant Bacteria in Recirculating Water Systems
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Dr. Chris L. Wiatr, Buckman Laboratories, Inc.
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2005
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Abstract:
Bacteria are everywhere in recirculating cooling water systems.
Controlling bacterial populations in the bulk water and on cooling
system surfaces is necessary to maintain and operate the cooling
system properly. Control of micro organisms in the field requires
successful application of biocide agents. However, bacterial
resistance to biocides is inevitable and irreversible, a natural
consequence of bacterial adaptation to exposure to anti microbials.
This paper presents mechanisms of bacterial resistance to anti
microbials, strategies for overcoming resistant cell populations, and
a supportive case history using biocides successfully against
resistance bacteria.
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Monitoring Cooling Water for Potential Reuse
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Phil Kiser, Hach Company
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2005
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Abstract:
With decreasing water supplies in most industrialized areas of the
United States, cooling water discharges are being studied for
potential reuse applications. Serious concerns exist among potential
reuse water recipients due to the perceived content of this water.
Health concerns and aesthetic concerns impact any reuse decision. One
key way of alleviating these concerns and making quick decisions
concerning the quality of the water is using real time analytical
instrumentation. Advances in online testing and online instrumentation
allowing quick decisions about the quality of these waters. This paper
will discuss the analysis of these waters and instrumentation that
allows careful monitoring to be achieved.
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Efficient One Step Phosphorous and Suspended Solids Removal from Municipal Wastewater
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Ben Gould, Ashbrook Simon-Hartley and Clarence Melancon, Water Filtration Technologies
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2007
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Abstract:
Reuse of municipal wastewater for cooling tower makeup is increasing
in popularity, as it can meet multiple requirements imposed by
environmental, regulatory, political and economic factors. The ability
to efficiently and economically remove suspended solids and nutrients
in a single step is realized by using a gravity driven, downflow,
continuous operation, graded media filter. Suspended solids and
phosphorous removal at levels greater than 90% is achieved, with
effective particle filtration to five microns. Using no moving parts,
the filter operational reliability is high and the operation and
maintenance costs are extremely low.
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Water Reuse in Cooling Towers - Current Experiences and Guidelines for Success in Refineries, Power Plants, and HVAC Systems
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Paul Puckorius, Puckorius and Associates
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2008
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Abstract:
Water reuse in cooling tower systems is a growing trend and future requirements for fresh water conservation. Reuse of municipal waste water effluent has shown to provide numerous advantages in addition to water conservation. Case histories will provide data on water and chemical treatment cost reductions as well as waste water reduction and improved cooling system protection. Examples will be given of cooling tower systems in petroleum refineries utility power stations and air conditioning systems. Guide lines for successful water reuse are based on recent documentation throughout the USA and will be included in the paper.
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Recycled Water for Cooling 4000oF Melted Sand
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Dr. Marcus N. Allhands and Tom Broderick, Orival, Inc.
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2008
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Abstract:
Using recycled water for cooling molds and vacuum pumps in a Kentucky glass factory was tried and failed. So, municipal water was used once again as a cool heat sink at a hot price -- $10,000 a month hot. After investigating new recycle options, a new water treatment system was installed in the fall of 2006 resulting in a full payback in just 33 days. Nearly 10% of the world's incandescent light bulbs are blow in this facility utilizing 1-2.5 MGD of recycled water contributing to the conservation of valuable potable water. This manuscript tells how this was done along with the benefits and hazards.
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