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Water Management
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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The Use of Municipal Sewage Effluent in Cooling Towers (TP-14A)
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Richard O. Cummings, El Paso Natural Gas Products Company
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1964
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Abstract:
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Sound Water Management, Ket to Future Supply (TP-22A)
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Dr. L. Bakker, Midland-Ross Corporation
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1966
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Abstract:
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Water Conservation From the Standpoint of Private Industry (TP-54A)
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F.P. Stanton, Kaiser Steel Corp.
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1968
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Abstract:
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Industrial Waste Water Reclamation (TP106A)
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T.M. Fosberg, Resources Conservation Company
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1972
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Abstract:
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Sewage Plant Effluent as Cooling Tower Makeup -- A Case History (TP-116A)
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Harry J. Gray & C.V. McGuigan, Olin Corporation, Harold W. Rowland, City of
Burbank, CA
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1973
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Abstract:
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Cooling Water Use by Manufacturers - Present and Future (TP-129A)
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Robert Brewer & Patrick H. McAuley, Bureau of Domestic Commerce
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1974
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Abstract:
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Complete Reuse of Cooling Tower Blowdown (TP-145A)
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M.I. Perry & J.V. Matson, S & B Engineers
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1976
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Abstract:
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The National Assessment of Water Resources: Implications for the Cooling Tower Industry (TP-179A)
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Robert Brewer & Patrick H. McAuley, Industry & Trade Administration
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1978
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Abstract:
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Chlorine Dixide Use in Cooling Systems Using Sewage Effluent as Make-up (TP-183A)
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Harry J. Gray, Olin Water Services, A.W. Speirs, City of Burbank, CA
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1978
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Abstract:
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Optimum Recycle and Reuse Cooling Systems Designs Using the BCT TM Process (TP-244A)
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Richard L. Lancaster & William G.Snaderson, Tower Systems, Inc.
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1982
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Abstract:
The paper will discuss how the Binary Cooling Tower (BCT) can be
utilized in evaporative cooling applications to optimize recycle
and reuse of circulating water system designs without the risks
usually associated with high TDS water.
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San Juan Water Conservation Reality (TP-247A)
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Richard D. Landon, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
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1982
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Abstract:
The wet/dry tower at San Juan Station of Public Service Company
of New Mexico is the world's first large water conservation
cooling tower. The numerous design assumptions required for San
Juan and the assumptions required for similar applications are
reviewed. Test results and operating experience are included.
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The Importance of Water Management in Plant Design (TP-84-02)
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Bruce M. Webber & Albert D. Owens, Calgon Corporation
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1984
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Abstract:
This paper will show the benefits of cooperation between design
and consulting engineers, customers, and water treatment
suppliers at early stages of planning for plant water supply (or
for changing water supply and systems in existing plants). Case
history examples from actual projects will be included.
Practical approaches such as conducting water audits,
determining quality of water required for various uses;
reviewing areas of supply such as composition of the proposed
water source, how it could affect plant equipment or plant
processes will be included. Also covered will be how to develop
cooling water treatment programs based on the plant's long-term
business and environmental goals-how options can be selected,
how to make reuse or water discharge decisions.
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Enhanced Water Management Using Bromine Chemistry (TP-86-09)
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Rodney H. Sergent, Great Lakes Chemical Corporation
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1986
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Abstract:
The unique chemistry of bromine offers distinct advantages over
chlorine in many water treatment situations. Understanding where
to use bromine chemistry can produce an enhanced water
management program. This paper discusses the differences between
bromine and chlorine chemistry especially the effects of pH and
ammonia. The most common sources of hypobromous acid (bromine,
bromine chloride, bromide salts + chlorine, and N-bromo halogen
donors) are discussed. New experimental data and a comprehensive
bibliography are included.
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Designing a Cooling Water Program With the Aid of a Three-Dimensional Cost Optimization Computer Method (TP-90-02)
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Mei H. Hwang, Charles J. McCloskey & John A. Hvizdos, Calgon Corporation
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1990
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Abstract:
When managers of cooling water systems operations make decisions
concerning a treatment approach for scale, corrosion or deposit
control, economics often play a very important role. A treatment
program must be economically justified before it is implemented, and
managers traditionally strive to optimize cost without sacrificing
performance goals and unit reliability. Many factors affect the
operations of a recirculating cooling water systems and there are
numerous components that comprise the total cost of a treatment
program. However, when asked, "What is the cost?" of a given treatment
program, the reply often centers on the cost of specialty chemicals
used in the program. In fact, a closer look at the variables that
affect the total treatment cost gives a more representative picture
than specialty chemicals alone. Operating variable such as cycles of
concentration and pH of recirculating cooling water and the acceptable
level of corrosion inhibitors are important factors to be considered.
"Cycles of concentration" of a recirculating cooling water system
defines the material balance of a cooling water system, and directly
affects a variety of make-up and blowdown related costs. Targeted
recirculating cooling water "pH" not only dictates the cost of pH
adjustment chemicals, but also influences the concentration of
specialty chemicals required for the achievement of scale and
corrosion inhibition goals. The acceptable level of "corrosion
inhibition" itself can have a great impact on the amount of chemicals
needed and, therefore, the treatment costs. This paper describes how
decision makers can visually examine the impact of operating variables
on various costs elements as well as total cost and quickly make an
informed decision. Computer modeling of cost optimization and
three-dimensional graphic display play a strong role creating
"pictures" of the relationship between cost and operating variables.
Cases of practical application in real-world setting using the
computer-aided methodology are presented.
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An Effective Method for Non-Chemical Control of Microbial Activity in
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John Dresty, Environmental Research Institute; James Fitzpatrick, Warner Lambert
Corp.
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1997
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Abstract:
This paper describes the methodology and results from a field
test of a novel electric water treatment system for cooling
towers. The technology has been widely used in Europe for over 5
years with success, and is now commercially available in the
United States. The Cooling Tower tested was a new installation
used to support shop air compressors in a manufacturing facility
in Connecticut. The heart of the device is a variable high
frequency transformer that imparts electrical energy to the
cooling tower water. The system tested achieved high reliability
from a patented data feedback circuit that constantly changes
the applied voltage and frequency, based on the variable
chemical and physical characteristics of the flowing water. The
data produced, during the trial, showed excellent promise for
non-chemical control of the bacteria and algae, and scale and
corrosion prevention in cooling towers.
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Get the Limits of Cooling Tower Design: Low Approach-Large Range-Cold
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Michel Monjoie, Hamon Thermal
Rob Schwalm, Barrick Goldstrike
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1999
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Abstract:
Cooling 65000 GPM geothermal water from 140°F to 38°F
with 29°F wet bulb was realized at Barrick Goldstrike mine
using two - 10 cell - cooling towers running in series. The
paper describes the cooling process, the cooling tower design,
and the hydraulic design given safe and flexible operation, the
winter operation and the test results.
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Cooling Tower Water Conservation Using Solubility Chemistry
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Stephen E. Mitchell, S & S
Consulting Services
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1999
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Abstract:
Evaluation and successful results of the use of a weak organic
acid and amine compound to increase hardness salt solubility at
alkaline pH levels in an open recirculating cooling system,
which will allow higher cycles of concentration than standard
acid and non-acid cooling water programs.
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Automating the Cooling Water Triangle
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David L. Stonecipher, Steven R. Hatch, Daniel A. Meier, Barbara E. Moriarty, and Mita Chattoraj, ONDEO-Nalco Company
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2003
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Abstract:
This paper will introduce a new cooling water approach that
combines direct, real-time control of all three corners of the
"cooling water triangle" with the appropriate
chemistry solution and advanced communications and data
management technologies. Three unique monitoring technologies
will be presented and the corresponding control algorithms
discussed. One molecular sensor directly and dynamically
measures the actual system microbial activity (planktonic and
sessile), the second sensor provides a surrogate for actual
system deposition of scale and/or particulates, and the third
sensor offers an improved LPR corrosion monitor. Field use of
this new total cooling water management system will be
discussed, including the benefits of improved system
performance, better response to operational variability, 24/7
conversion of knowledge to value, and minimized operator
involvement.
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San Antonio Water System's Cooling Tower Audit Program Results In Significant Water Savings
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Eddie Wilcut, San Antonio Water System and John J. Sims, and Tory Tvedt, Puckorius & Associates, Inc.
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2003
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Abstract:
The SAWS project to reduce fresh water use in cooling tower
water systems was initiated in 1999. It has saved many acre feet
of fresh water. This water savings to cooling tower users has
provided other major benefits, which are outlined and discussed.
The methodology utilized in this project is identified along
with a number of case history examples.
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Power Plant Restores Cooling System Performance With Bio-detergent Cleanup
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Charles W.H. Foster and Trevor Gent, ONDEO-Nalco Canada Company
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2003
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Abstract:
Cooling tower performance deteriorates continuously over time,
but only manifests itself as a problem during adverse ambient
conditions. For a power plant this can have severe economic
consequences as peak power demand coincides with the very
ambient conditions that can limit cooling capacity and power
output. This work documents the results achieved in a successful
bio-detergent application at a 26 MW power plant.
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Low Cost Cooling Tower Biocide Alternatives
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David Evans and Abdulaziz Turaik, Saudi Aramco
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2005
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Abstract:
Saudi Aramco's Dhahran Utilities department is concerned about
both biocide cost and biocide performance for the operation of its
seventeen cooling towers (40 cells). The department tested alternative
biocides and is now using an effective low cost biocide. Slug dosing
calcium hypochlorite was used for many years for microbiological
control on the cooling towers. The cost of the calcium hypochlorite
was relatively low, however, when it was slugged dosed, the calcium
hypochlorite oxidized expensive anti scalant, reducing heat exchanger
protection. Therefore using calcium hypochlorite had a high overall
cost. The department tested non oxidizing biocides to eliminate the
anti scalant oxidizing problems. The non oxidizing biocides worked but
they cost twenty times more than calcium hypochlorite. Also, the
cooling tower operators did not like the safety concerns with non
oxidizing biocides. The department successfully tested and is now
using a low cost biocide that is normally used for swimming pools.
Testing included microbiological test to confirm the biocides
effectiveness.
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Sewage Effluent for Cooling: A Forty-Year Experience in the Texas Panhandle
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Bernie Wieck, Universal Utility Services
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2007
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Abstract:
Sewage effluent for cooling has been utilized in the Texas panhandle
since the early 1060's. A history of cooling water treatment for
electricity production, as well as recommendations for new
installations will be presented.
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The Conversion From Gas to Tablet Chlorination: A Case Study
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Austin Looper, PPG Industries
Billy Smith, ChemTreat, Inc
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2008
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Abstract:
Chlorine gas is used extensively in large cooling tower applications, but the environmental and safety risks have left operators searching for alternatives. This paper will review a conversion from chlorine gas to calcium hypochlorite tablet feed technology on a gulf coast chlor-alkali plant cooling tower. The paper will exhibit, in detail, the impact on cost, corrosion, tower performance, calcium buildup, and safety and handling.
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