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Treatment Control
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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An Overall Concept of Cooling Water Treating Economics (TP-18C)
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George M. Kieth, Aquatrol, Inc.
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1965
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Abstract:
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For Greater Plant Efficiency - De-Oil Your Water - and Save (TP-20B)
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Dr. L. Bakker & B.S. Hazel, National Castings Division, Midland-Ross Corporation
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1966
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Abstract:
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Maintaining Clean Water Systems With Chemical Additives (TP-76A)
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S.D. Curtis & R.M. Silverstein, Drew Chemical Corporation
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1970
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Abstract:
Discussion of major types of foulants in cooling water systems and the
means of preventing the associated deposit problems. The various types
of antifoulants of the flocculant, dispersant and chelant variety are
discussed in detail along with their effect on fouling materials.
Laboratory equipment is presented which enables the study of simulated
fouling conditions and the screening of various antifoulants. Case
histories are cited indicating the problems encountered, the treatment
employed and the results obtained.
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Proper and Efficient Operation of a Cooling Tower Water System (TP-79A)
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Clyde A. Farris, Jr., Water Services, Inc.
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1970
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Abstract:
This paper attempts to discuss the proper automatic equipment for
controlling the chemical feed and bleed-off of a cooling tower water
system, coupled with the right chemical treatment program and the
benefits it offers the operating owners.
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Microbiological Control in Cooling Water Systems (TP-119A)
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William H. Yost, Zimmite Corp.
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1973
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Abstract:
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Coordinated Cooling Water Treatment Programs (TP-132A)
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James L. Twiford, Hercules, Inc.
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1974
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Abstract:
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New Developments in Cooling Water Treatment Technology (TP-133A)
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E.J. Levi, Ph.D., Drew Chemical Corporation
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1974
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Abstract:
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The Use of Ion Exchange Resins in Cooling Tower Technology (TP-137A)
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Dr. Robert Kunin, Rohm & Haas Company
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1975
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Abstract:
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Recovery of Chromate from Cooling Tower Blowdown by Ion Exchange Resins (TP-138A)
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Daisuke Yamamoto, Koichi Yabe & Osamu Abe, Kurita Water Industries Ltd.
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1975
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Abstract:
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Instrumentation in Cooling Water Systems (TP-142A)
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Charles G. Arnold, Dow Chemical U.S.A.
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1975
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Abstract:
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Automatic Chlorination of Cooling Water Using ORP Sensing (TP-144A)
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Roy V. Comeaux & J.N. Chatfield, Exxon Company, U.S.A.
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1975
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Abstract:
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A "Modified" Technique of In-Place Fungicide Treatment of Cooling Towers as Used at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (TP-254A)
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M.F. Shelton & B.G. Warriner, Union Carbide Corporation
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1982
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Abstract:
A "modified" technique of in-place fungicide treatment of
cooling towers has been developed by Union Carbide Corporation,
Paducah, Kentucky. The technique enables the fungicide user to
treat towers safely without endangerment to the personnel
applying the fungicide. The technique is time saving and
effective in obtaining complete coverage of the plenum areas and
the decking.
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Cooling Water Chlorination - Technology for the 80's (TP-274A)
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Frances R. Pocius & R.L. Wetegrove, Ph.D., Nalco Chemical Company
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1983
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Abstract:
This paper will discuss the newest chlorination technology as it
relates to practical cooling water application. Included will be
a review of common application methods compared to more optimum
technology as well as discussion of efficacy as it relates to
typical cooling system pH ranges.
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Chemical Feeding Devices for Cooling Tower Waters (TP-84-04)
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Water Treatment Subcommittee Cooling Tower Institute, Maxey Brooke, Chairman
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1984
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Abstract:
A report summarizing the currently available types of chemical
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Low T.D.S. Makeup Water -- A Problem? (TP-85-07)
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William P. Grobmyer, Sr. & John W. Brown, Jr., P.E., Burns & McDonnell
Engineering Co., Gerald Butcher, Western Farmers Electric Coop
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1985
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Abstract:
Discusses solutions to fouling and corrosion problems associated
with a water supply with low total dissolved solids (TDS).
Historical data indicated that the water was clear and contained
less than 100 mg/l dissolved solids, an ideal source for cooling
tower makeup at a 400-MW electric generating station in
Oklahoma. In fact the water was low in TDS but high in colloidal
and dissolved organic material that is heat sensitive and
fouling in nature.
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Advances in Alkaline Cooling Water Treatment Technology: An Update (TP-85-13)
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Albert E. Shaffer, Jr., & Stuart D. Klatskin, Betz Laboratories, Inc.
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1985
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Abstract:
Organic-zinc and Chromate-zinc programs specifically designed
for alkaline pH cooling waters have been developed. The
treatment provides excellent corrosion and scale control over a
broad range of water chemistries and is applicable to high
conductivity and iron-contaminated waters. Low levels of zinc
are used to reduce the dependency on alkalinity and calcium
carbonate super saturation for corrosion control. The
precipitation and fouling problems previously encountered with
zinc containing treatments have been eliminated by the use of
polymeric dispersants.
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Study of Cooling Water at High Cycles (TP-85-15)
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Jasbir S. Gill & Richard G. Varsanik, Calgon Corporation
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1985
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Abstract:
The decreasing availability of high quality water, high pumping
costs and environmental regulations are driving cooling water
systems towards higher cycles, brackish makeup and zero
discharge. This paper presents solutions to the difficulties of
recommending chemical treatments for such systems. The methods
used to obtain phase diagrams incorporating the kinetics of
mineralization rather than pure equilibrium thermodynamics is
discussed.
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Advances in Deposit Control For Cooling Water Systems (TP-86-18)
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Nancy S. Sherwood & Alan L. Smith, Calgon Corporation
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1986
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Abstract:
The deposition of suspended solids in once-through and
recirculating cooling water systems can have adverse impact on
heat exchangers and condensers in industrial and power
generating plants. This paper reviews the chemistry of
dispersion and the current methods and products for controlling
deposition and presents data confirming the improved performance
observed with recently developed polymer chemistry. The
relationship of pH, temperature, water quality, and polymer
dosage-and their effects on the dispersion of colloidal silt and
iron oxide particles-are discussed. The measured zeta potential,
(i.e., charge modification behavior) for various dispersants is
correlated to performance in light transmittance lab tests.
Field case studies are presented discussing the application of
newly developed polymers to prevent deposition under actual
operating conditions.
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An Alternative Cooling Water Treatment Program for the Replacement of Chromate (TP-88-11)
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Guy A. Crucil & Ronald H. Schild, Nalco Chemical Co.
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1988
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Abstract:
An alternative cooling water program has been developed to
replace chromate. Ultra low levels of zinc (0.5-2.5 ppm) have
been determined to provide near comparable results in many
applications to the chromate type programs. The new program has
a wide application range for calcium (15 to 1000 ppm as CaCO3)
and pH (7.3-9.0).
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A Chromate Replacement Program for Industrial Cooling Waters That E. Eastman, Calgon Corporation(TP-89-02)
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Nancy S. Sherwood, Gordon E.
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1989
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Abstract:
The need for a chromate/zinc replacement program, which is both
cost effective and easy to control, has become a must to meet
restrictions related to chromate usage. Chromate replacement
programs that utilize and advanced polymer technology have been
developed and successfully applied in industrial cooling water
systems. This paper describes results of field trials where
chromate replacement is a reality and the side-by-side
evaluation of chromate/zinc and this chromate replacement
program using a state-of-the-art on-site mobile testing
laboratory.
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Cooling Water Treatment for High Conductivity Waters (TP-89-12)
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R. Gailey, P. Labine & S. Jost, Petrolite Corporation
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1989
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Abstract:
Cooling water treatments are applied to concentrated waters in
laboratory cooling towers. Chromate and non-chromate corrosion
inhibitors are utilized to maintain corrosion control. Effective
scale inhibitors allow for expanded solubility limits at
elevated TDS levels and minimized fouling of heat exchanger
surfaces. Both neutral pH and high alkalinity programs are
applied. Two related case studies are presented.
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Cutting Costs - Fast Detection and Response Corrects Cooling Water Treatment Upsets (TP-89-18)
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Juan Carlos Staibano, Fred Wilkes, Hernando Barba & Antonio A. Rodriguez,
Aquatec Quimica, S.A.
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1989
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Abstract:
Work describes a real problem at an oil refinery,, where process
leaks/contaminants adversely affected corrosion inhibitor
performance, resulting in downtime and equipment failure. A
unique "fast response" system was developed, applied to spot
onset of process leaks promptly, allowing response time to be
cut to 85%. Field Lab facilities monitor cooling water quality
continuously, including daily COD determinations. CORRATER peaks
signal presence of process leaks, trigger start-up of emergency
supplemental treatment program, and allow damaged exchangers to
be isolated or bypassed quickly. Continuous diagnostic and
control procedures have made marked improvement in cooling
system operation, maintained exchanger heat transfer efficiency,
reduced plant maintenance costs, and extended life of critical
equipment, by preventing treatment program upsets.
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Practical Applications of Tracers - Beyond Product Monitoring (TP-90-01)
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John E. Hoots, Nalco Chemical Company
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1990
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Abstract:
Addition of very low concentrations of chemical tracer to cooling
water systems can provide a wealth of information about specific
portions of they system and its operation as a whole. Obtaining that
information by alternative means may be very difficult or impossible.
Useful and unique functions of chemical tracers are quantifying
unaccounted blowdown, leakage, time or travel of cooling water nearby
waterways, and out-of-specification operating conditions. In addition,
the trace serves to continuously monitor the proper operation of
product feed shipment and provides an indication of treatment program
performance. The chemical tracers discussed represent a significant
improvement over compounds previously used in cooling water
applications.
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Problems and Pitfalls in Water Treatment Specifications (TP-90-10)
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Arthur J. Freedman & Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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1990
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Abstract:
This paper discusses the process of preparing specifications for
chemical treatment of major cooling water systems, evaluating
bid responses and operating systems in accordance with
specifications. Subjects covered include: proper use of
historical operating and performance data; selection of critical
parameters and performance standards; the need for flexibility
to permit evaluation of alternative proposals; the importance of
defined responsibilities for both vendor, and user; evaluation
of proposals and selection of vendor, and short and long term
accountability for performance in vendor/user partnership after
bid has been awarded. Although the paper deals primarily with
large electric utility plants, the principles apply well to
industrial plants and to other water treatment systems.
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Effects of Molybdate in Cooling Water Treatment Programs (TP-90-13)
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Kenneth P. Fivizzani & Sang-Hea Shim, Nalco Chemical Company
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1990
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Abstract:
The effectiveness of molybdate as a corrosion inhibitor in
cooling water systems has been studied. The historical
comparison to chromate is not appropriate because of chromate's
greater oxidizing ability. Molybdate can function as a localized
corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Laboratory studies indicate
that molybdate may be effective when used in conjunction with
cathodic and other anodic inhibitors. Comparative cooling tower
tests with and without molybdate illustrate conditions where
molybdate has a beneficial effect.
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Fail-Safe Cooling Water Operations (TP-91-04)
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Arthur J. Freedman & Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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1991
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Abstract:
Proper attention to cooling water systems operating and control
parameters, and quick response to early warning signs of
impending trouble can usually prevent sudden or unexpected
problems. Cooling water programs and corresponding operating
parameters must be evaluated and selected carefully, based on
practical systems conditions. Regular chemical testing and
trending of data will highlight undesirable effects before they
become serious using the proper installation and use of
performance-measuring devices, such as corrosion coupons.
On-line corrosion monitors and deposit monitors will indicate
expected results and needs for program adjustments. Finally, if
a failure does occur, proper sampling, identification and
historical documentation will make the failure analysis
pertinent and useful, and point the way to reliable corrective
and preventive action.
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Precise Prediction of Cooling Water pH (TP-91-08)
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Craig W. Ballard & Jack V. Matson, Ph.D., P.E., University of Houston
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1991
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Abstract:
Current cooling water computer models are only able to predict
pH within +0.5 pH units. The new model developed from
fundamental chemical relationships adapted and cooling water is
able to predict pH within +0.5 units. Laboratory and field data
will be used to illustrate the capabilities of the model. Better
pH prediction will benefit operators' control of their towers
and chemical treatment programs.
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Practical Considerations in High Cycle Cooling Water Operations (TP-92-03)
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Arthur J. Freedman & Thomas M.Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc., Chester M.
Malewski & Craig W. Williams, Sierra Pacific Power Company
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1992
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Abstract:
High cycle cooling operations with sidestream softening systems
often appear as the panacea for water shortages, poor water
quality, corrosion mitigation, blowdown restrictions, etc.
Several systems were designed and built from first principles.
Many of these systems are presented. From design to blowdown,
from hardware to dewatered total suspended solids and from
windage to microbiologically influenced corrosion, we discuss
the lessons learned.
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Automated Oxidant Control (TP-92-08)
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Phil Kiser, Stranco, Inc.
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1992
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Abstract:
The challenge of controlling microbiological activity is often
the most difficult phase of water treatment. Due to changes in
demand and limitations of current testing technology the system
is subjected to a series of overfeed/underfeed situations. The
relative effective of the oxidant (work value) must be taken
into account to achieve automated control. The redox technology
(ORP or Oxidation Reduction Potential Technology) is able to
control by measuring electron transfer that occurs in the
oxidation reaction. The result is technology that continuously
monitors the efficacy of any oxidizing microbiocide program and
adjusts oxidant feed automatically based on system cleanliness
and demand.
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Evaluation of Alternatives to Gaseous Chrlorine for Cooling Water Microbiological Control (TP-92-14)
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Marcus Vaska & Winston Go, Drew Industrial Division
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1992
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Abstract:
Recent environmental, safety and disclosure concerns when
gaseous chlorine is used and stored on-site for microbiological
control have forced many cooling systems to consider alternative
oxidative microbiocides. This paper shares field experiences and
results in general industrial and process contaminated systems
using viable (hypochlorite, bromide, chlorine dioxide) oxidative
technologies, providing criteria to determine the best approach
for future operation of cooling water systems in the absence of
gaseous chlorine. Aspects include system cleanliness, heat
transfer coefficients, pressure charges, system metallurgy
corrosion, environmental, discharge, employee exposure and
community protection are evaluated to aid in finding a viable
alternative to gaseous chlorine.
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Control of Microbiological Contaminants in Small Cooling Systems (TP-93-02)
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Daniel H. Pope, Ph.D., Bioindustrial Technologies, Inc. William T. Osborne,
Baltimore Aircoil Company
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1993
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Abstract:
Maintenance programs on the vast majority of cooling towers and
attendant open recirculating water systems of 200 tons and
smaller are owner administered. The primary means employed for
control of microbiological contamination is hand dosing of
commercially available biocides. Highlights of a one-year study,
conducted on a variety of cooling systems at a major university,
are presented which show the effectiveness of the biocides and
their recommended application regimen. Laboratory and field test
data are also presented for an alternative, less owner/operator
dependent approach to bacteria, slime, and algae control.
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Fingerprints of Errors - Failures in Cooling Water Systems (TP-93-04)
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Arthur J. Freedman, Ph.D., Mark A. Lisin, P.E. & Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M.
Laronge, Inc.
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1993
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Abstract:
Cooling water treatment programs focus on controlling problems,
i.e., fouling deposition, scaling, corrosion, etc. When errors
occur, cooling water treatment programs may appear to fail.
System degradation often results, leaving "fingerprints" in the
components. This paper discusses the application of failure
analysis to cooling water systems. Among those topics addressed
are 1) When to use failure analysis; 2) Planning the critical
path; 3) How to handle components and samples; 4) pertinent
analytical procedures; 5) Interpretation of the results; and 6)
Avoiding future problems, i.e., lessons learned. These subjects
are addressed with case history documentation.
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A New On-Line Monitoring and Control Capability for Cooling Water Programs (TP-93-10)
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J. Richardson, K.D. Heinz & M.A. Reinsalu, Grace Dearborn, W.R. Grace
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1993
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Abstract:
A new monitoring and control process has been developed which
measures active treatment components in current cooling water
treatment programs. This system incorporates a sensing device
with a controller to monitor and control product federate. This
sensor is superior to currently available technologies that
either utilize automated wet chemical methods or measure product
levels indirectly. Laboratory and field case studies will be
discussed.
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Silica Stabilization in Industrial Cooling Towers: Recent Experiences and Advances (TP-93-11)
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Paul R. Young, Christine M. Stuart & Phillip M. Eastin, Nalco Chemical Company,
Marshall McCormick, Chevron
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1993
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Abstract:
Silica Stabilization can allow increased cycles of concentration
in waters where silica is a limiting factor. Recent applications
of scale inhibitors specifically for silica control are part of
successful water conservation programs. In one case, a Pacific
refinery with 80-ppm silica in its make-up water has reduced its
make-up water requirements by 50%. A discussion of silica
chemistry and inhibition will be presented along with a field
case study.
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Fractures in Cooling Water System Components
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Thomas M. Laronge & Mark A. Lisin, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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1995
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Abstract:
Fractures in cooling water system components can lead to costly
failures. Fracture of fan and motor shafts, fasteners, piping
and tubing, heat exchangers, pump components, valves, and water
cooled process equipment due to fatigue, corrosion fatigue,
stress corrosion cracking, embrittlement, and overload have been
observed. Fracture can be promoted by improper operation, poor
design, and manufacturing errors. Examples of fracture failures
of a wide variety of components are presented. Appropriate
prevention and inspection techniques are also discussed.
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Highly Effective New Polymer For Calcium Phosphate Control in Cooling
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Anne B. Austin & Michael L. Water Systems Standish, Alco Chemical
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1995
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Abstract:
Diminishing use of heavy metal corrosion inhibitors and
increased reuse of water has demanded the implementation of
alternate treatment techniques for cooling water. This paper
discusses the development and use of unique polymer technology
capable of effectively controlling calcium phosphate
precipitation. Patented chemistry utilizes functional groups
that provide polymer stability in stressed cooling water systems
while exhibiting calcium phosphate inhibition at low treatment
levels. Polymer function is not affected by aqueous iron (II)
and demonstrates significant performance as an iron inhibitor
and iron oxide dispersant.
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Twenty Minutes with Molybdate
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M.H.L. Garnaud, Climax Molybdenum UK, Ltd; Thomas J. Risdon, Climax Molybdenum
Marketing Corporation
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1997
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Abstract:
This paper reviews several important aspects of molybdate
inhibition, and outlines how it can be efficiently employed in
practice. The data presented includes some little-known work on
in-situ pitting corrosion measurements featuring proton-induced
characteristic x-ray emission and D.C. Impedance, and new data
from unpublished work done in the UK. Synergism, mechanism and
pitting inhibition are covered in some detail. Further work
reviewed includes D.C. Polarization and electrochemical noise
experiments. The paper presents a full appreciation of a
proposed mechanism to explain synergism with certain polymers
and other corrosion inhibitors, based on surface absorption of
so called "molybdo-phillic" entities, which attract molybdate
anions and bind them loosely by what may be regarded as week
hydrogen bonds. A useful bibliography of valuable references on
the subject is also included.
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A New Treatment for Calcium Carbonate Control in Alkaline Conditions
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Jasbir S. Gill, Jennifer R. Parson, Robert C. Gordon, Calgon Corp.
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1997
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Abstract:
The increasing costs associated with makeup and discharge water,
as well as safety issues associated with the use of acid for pH
control demand that cooling towers be operated at higher cycles
of concentration without acid feed. Under these conditions, high
calcium ion concentrations and high alkalinity at high pH makes
control of calcium carbonate extremely critical. The paper
presents laboratory data and history in which the effectiveness
of a new cost effective treatment for control of calcium
carbonate at 200 times calcite saturation at alkaline
conditions.
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The Advancing Evolution of Centrifugation
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William R. Leizear, Randall D. Delenikos, LAKOS Filtration Systems
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1997
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Abstract:
Cyclonic Filtration has transformed itself to new levels of
performance. More important than solids separation efficiency,
today's equipment now addresses the concentration and handling
of separated solids, thereby differentiating this technique for
its waste minimization value. This presentation explores the
importance of this added value and describes techniques for
various applications. Liquid re-use and solids dewatering
concepts are highlighted with test data and case story examples.
Criteria for filtration selection will also be shared.
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Bugs and Bugaboos of Cooling System Components
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Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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2000
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Abstract:
Cooling system components often experience accelerated
deterioration. This is typically not recognized before leaks
occur or structures fail. This manuscript addresses degradation
mechanisms and the avoidance of failures, MIC, MAC, generalized
corrosion, localized corrosion, and mechanical factors are
discussed.
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Recent Advances in High Alkaline Cooling Water Treatment
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John Richardson & Michael G. Trulear, ChemTreat, Inc.
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2000
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Abstract:
A new treatment technology designed for acid free high LSI
cooling system operation is described. Benefits including direct
measurability of key actives and superior performances at high
calcite and magnesium-silicate saturation levels are discussed.
Laboratory and field case histories will be presented.
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Mixed-Oxidant Use in Cooling Tower Maintenance
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Wesley L. Bradford, Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. &
Paul Petersen, Trident Technologies, Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
Tests using mixed-oxidant solution instead of oxidizing biocides (chlorine or bromine) for
cooling tower maintenance, and eliminating all other biocides, found: (l) aerobic bacteria counts
consistently less than l000/mL in cooling water (no colonies on the standard Easicult TTC dip
slide test), a result rarely achieved using chlorine alone or chlorine with other biocides;
(2) ease in maintaining Free Available Chlorine (FAC) concentrations at 0.2-0.3 mg/L; and
(3) removal of biofilms from small areas of cooling surfaces where they had accumulated in
the previous maintenance program, and a consequent reduction or complete elimination of
microbiologically-induced corrosion.
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Extend the Life of Wetted Surfaces
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Mark A. Lisin, Lisin Metallurgical Services &
Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
Much industrial equipment employs wetted surfaces. Nuclear reactor
toroids, cooling tower components, heat exchangers, pipes, valves,
pumps, etc. vary in performance according to their design,
construction, operation, maintenance and lay-up. A plethora of
materials, wide ranges in skin temperatures, variant bulk
temperatures, boundary layer velocities, bulk fluid velocities and
fluid chemistry typically help to determine the lifetime of wetted
surfaces. Service history dictates the ability of surfaced to transmit
energy and to otherwise perform. Surface preparation, passivation,
chemistry, mechanical cleaning and chemical cleaning affect wetted
surface lifetimes. The cleaning practices discussed herein can help
extend the lifetime of wetted surfaces.
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Removal of Copper During Start-up of Cooling Tower
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Karen F. Pedraza, Dennis P. Shea, Solutia, Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
A new 100,000 gpm counter flow cooling tower was started up in July,
2000. The author found that very actual data existed on the amount of
copper, chromate or arsenic that would be expected during the initial
flushing of the new treated wood. The cooling tower manufacturers
provided empirical data that served as a basis for all calculations
and information that was provide to the Texas Natural Resource
Conservation Commission (TNRCC). This paper discusses the
environmental requirements that set the parameters for the start-up,
the actual data that was taken during the initial washing of the
wetted section of the treated wood during start-up and the methods
used to meet environmental regulations and project goals for system
start-up.
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Water Treatment Can Be Bid Successfully
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Thomas M. Laronge, Roland A. Leathrum, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
Multiplant corporations are able to bid their water treatment
successfully. The history of the last decade wherein bidding
typically produced poor results, unnecessary litigation,
equipment failures and overall dissatisfaction can be turned
into a win-win future. The route to positive water treatment
partnerships, alliances and cooperation between vendors and end
users is discussed in detail. The keys to mutually successful
water treatment biding start with establishing one
multidisciplinary bid team that effectively participates in each
step of the overall bidding process.
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Field Experience with a New, Novel Series of High Performance, Environmentally Friendly CWT Programs.
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Steven J. Colby, Dwight E. Emerich and Matt C. Wangerin, Ashland Specialty Chemical Company
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2002
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Abstract:
The need for increased water conservation, improved
environmental profile and enhanced safety through the
minimization/elimination of acid feed in open evaporative
cooling water systems has prompted the development of a new,
novel series of cooling water treatment programs. These new
programs were designed to handle low through high hardness,
alkaline cooling waters and provide increased cycles of
concentration without the need for acid feed. The programs
utilize a new biodegradable carboxylic antiscalant and lower
total phosphorus levels than traditional cooling water treatment
programs. A description of the new technology and case histories
demonstrating field efficacy will be presented.
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New All Organic Chemistry for Treatment of Closed Cooling Systems.
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John Richardson and Michael G. Trulear, ChemTreat, Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
A new non-nitrite, all organic treatment chemistry for use in
closed cooling systems is discussed. Development of the new
chemistry for treatment of chilled water, low conductivity, and
brine cooling systems is reviewed. Results of laboratory studies
and field case histories are presented.
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Development of an On-site Hypobromite Generator
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Timothy Keister, ProChemTech International, Inc.
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2004
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Abstract:
Existing technology for biological control of cooling water systems
uses costly, dangerous to handle, toxic chemicals. In order to
eliminate the many problems associated with this technology, a program
was started several years ago to develop a system to produce
Hypobromite on-site from harmless neutral salts using the process of
electrolysis. This presentation details some of the development
problems encountered in obtaining almost 100% conversion of bromide
ion to Hypobromite, selection of electrode materials of construction,
design of the electrolysis cell, and use of polarity reversal control
cell fouling/scaling. A major advantage of the developed system is
that the electrolysis cell developed is at least 80% less costly to
construct than existing designs using platinum plated titanium.
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Finally, an Alternative to Azoles
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Eric Ward and Al L. Foster, Alco Chemical
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2005
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Abstract:
Introducing a new breed of yellow metal corrosion inhibitor that will
revolutionize the way cooling towers are treated. This new inhibitor
forms a protective film on the metal surface hat is unequaled in its
resistance to breakdown. The film is so durable that it is capable of
maintaining corrosion protection for weeks without the presence of
residual inhibitor in solution (a feat that azoles are incapable of
achieving). This paper will present detailed studies that compare the
new inhibitor to azoles, demonstrating how the advantages of the new
inhibitor will provide cost, environmental, and application benefits
to the user.
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Material Balance Chemical Control and Information Systems for Cooling Water Treatment
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Charles Kuhfeldt, Ashland; Drew Industrial
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2007
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Abstract:
Control of water treatment chemistry utilizing instrument measurement
of system water flow and cycles of concentration provides precise
control of chemical additives. The chemical testing performed then
becomes a check on the control, rather than a primary control output.
On-line chemical analysis is not needed. Statistical analysis of data
proves the control capability is excellent. Opportunities exist to
utilize existing instrumentation in some cases along with new
measurements to synthesize systems that are effective, economical and
fully connected with today's information technology.
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