|
Tower Testing
|
|
Order Number
|
Title
|
Author
|
Date
|
|
|
Psychrometry (TP-1A)
|
James L. Willa, Cooling Tower Institute
|
1961
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
Water Flow Measurement in Field Tests of Cooling Towers (TP-3A)
|
Kent J. Bordelon, Cooling Tower
|
1963
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
Cooling Tower Test Accuracy (TP-49A)
|
W.J.Hoffmann, Jr. & James L. Willa, Lilie Hoffmann Cooling Towers, Inc.
|
1968
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
Field Examination of Cooling Tower Testing Methodology (TP-163A)
|
Karl R. Wilber, Environmental Systems Corporation, John S. Maulbetsch, Electric
Power Research Institute
|
1977
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
CTI Water Cooling Tower Thermal Performance - Testing Procedures and Instrumentations (TP-174A)
|
C.K. Doll, Midwest Research Institute
|
1977
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
Water Flow Measurement in Large Pipes and Conduits (TP-182A)
|
John P. Fath, Fischer & Porter Company
|
1978
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
The Application of Acoustic Flowmeters to Pipeline Flowrate Measurement (T-208A)
|
Francis C. Lowell, Jr., O.R.E., Inc.
|
1979
|
|
Abstract:
|
|
|
Fluid Flow Measurement and Energy Savings (TP-227A)
|
Norman L. Alston, Dieterich Standard Corporation
|
1981
|
|
Abstract:
This paper will help to show the need and importance of flow
measurement around a cooling tower and the different types of
flow measurement devices to choose from that can provide very
acceptable measurement accuracy.
|
|
|
Evaluation of Cooling Tower Test Accuracy (TP-235A)
|
Marcel R. LeFevre, MRL Corp.
|
1981
|
|
Abstract:
The paper reviews existing methods to indicate testing accuracy
and attempts to establish a detailed method application to
cooling tower testing.
|
|
|
ATC-105 Test Accuracy at Off-Design Conditions (TP-241A)
|
Robert D. Fulkerson, Cooling Technology Corporation
|
1981
|
|
Abstract:
This paper is a discussion of the mathematical accuracy of the
CTI Test Code ATC-105 test evaluation method.
|
|
|
Design and Operation of Remote Reading Wet Bulb Instruments With Thermistor Temperature Sensors (TP-266A)
|
Thomas E. Weast, Midwest Research Institute
|
1983
|
|
Abstract:
A remote reading system consisting of standard CTI wet bulb
instruments, auxiliary water reservoirs, adjustable mounting
brackets, and linear thermister temperature sensors with digital
read out was developed by CTI's test representative. This system
was used to obtain a matrix of up to 24 inlet wet bulb
temperatures when performing CTI tests on towers with large air
inlets during the 1982 test season.
|
|
|
Field Measurements of Chiller Heat Transfer Coefficients (TP-84-08)
|
Levin G. Armwood, P.E., Mogul Division/The Dexter Corporation
|
1984
|
|
Abstract:
Field measurements can be made to determine the heat transfer
coefficient of operating chiller condensers. The heat transfer
coefficient can be used to identify condenser fouling, a major
cause of increased energy usage in chiller systems. Case studies
are used to show how heat transfer coefficients can be used to
detect fouling of condensers and the economic impact of
condenser fouling on chiller operation.
|
|
|
Determination of Fan Flow and Water Rate Adjustment for Off-Design Cooling Tower Tests
|
John M. Vance, Union Carbide Corporation
|
1984
|
|
Abstract:
The determination of the performance of a mechanical
draft-cooling tower requires that the air mass flow through the
tower be known. Since this flow is not measured, it has been
customary to use the manufacturer's design airflow and adjust it
by the on-third power of the ratio of the design fan horsepower
to test fan horsepower. This basic adjustment is inadequate for
today's technology and need to be improved. The most nearly
correct approximation of air flow through a tower can be
obtained by incrementally moving through the tower from air
inlet to outlet while calculating mass flows, energy balances,
and pressure drops for each increment and then utilizing fan
curves to determine volumetric and mass flows. This procedure
would account for changes in hair humidity and density through
the tower, evaporation of water, and effect of water rate on air
pressure drop, and changes in fan characteristics.
Unfortunately, this is an interactive numerical process that
requires considerable computer capabilities, a data bank of the
pressure drop characteristics of tower components, and fan
characteristics. These type calculations maybe within the
capabilities of all in the near future, but for now a more
elementary approach is recommended, using a calculator. This
approach depends on assumptions that are acceptable if the tower
test is conducted within CTI code requirements. The fan must be
considered a constant suction volume blower for a given blade
pitch. The total pressure at the fan, a function of volumetric
flow, must be assumed to be unaffected by other considerations
and the fan horsepower must be assumed to change only as mass
flow and wet air density changes.
|
|
|
Examination of Cooling Tower Air Flow Measurement Techniques and Their Utility in Cooling Tower Performance Determinations (TP-84-15)
|
Dave Wheeler, Karl Wilber & Greg Starnes, Environmental Systems Corporation
|
1984
|
|
Abstract:
There is currently no published test code that governs the
performance testing of large wet cooling tower fans. ASME's
Performance Test Code 11 Committee is in the process of
developing a test code aimed primarily at testing in a dry
environment. This paper discusses the PTC-11 Code and compares
its requirements with measurement techniques currently being
used in the moist environment of a wet cooling tower fan.
|
|
|
Ultimate Heat Sink Thermal Performance Test at the River Bend Station (TP-89-04)
|
T.P. Anthony, Gulf States Utilities J.R. Salmon, Stone & Webster Engineering,
John G. Yost, P.E. Environmental Systems Corp.
|
1989
|
|
Abstract:
This paper describes the work associated with planning,
preparations, and executionof these tests. This non-conventional
design tower would serve as the ultimate heat sink for the
reactor plant following a postulated design basis accident. A
temporary heat source was used, consisting of the three package
boilers and associated equipment to supply steam to two
temporary heat exchangers. The basin water was circulated
through temporary piping to the heat exchangers and back through
temporary piping to the heat exchangers and back through the
tower frill, cooling the water before entering the basin. This
was a unique test, that required special planning preparations,
execution, and interface with an operational nuclear plant.
|
|
|
Dye Dilution Flow Rate Measurements for Cooling Towers (TP-92-11)
|
Jack R. Missimer, Ph.D., P.E. Environmental Systems Corp.
|
1992
|
|
Abstract:
Dye dilution flow rate measurements are being used to measure
large cooling tower circulating water flow rates. This paper
discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques
when compared with other flow rate measurement techniques.
|
|
|
Calibration Characteristics of a Simplex Pitot-Static Probe and Five Alternative Velocity Probes (TP-92-15)
|
R.N. Partghasarathy, Robert Ettema & V.C. Patel, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic
Research
|
1992
|
|
Abstract:
Calibration tests conducted in a towing tank and a rectangular
duct indicated that the calibration coefficient of a Simplex
pitot-static probe was significantly affected by flow velocity
(Reynolds number), tube vibration and wall-proximity. The
performance of five designs of pressure-difference velocity
probes, as alternates to replace the Simplex probes, were tested
using a wind tunnel and a towing tank. An effective replacement
probe for the Simplex design is suggested.
|
|
|
Testing Procedures for Wet/Dry Plume Abatement Cooling Towers
|
Michel Monjoie & Jean-Pierre Libert, Hamon Sobelco
|
1994
|
|
Abstract:
For several years many cooling towers have been designed with a
plume abatement device to reduce or eliminate plume formation
under some weather conditions (mainly in winter). The
combination wet/dry tower produces the desirable invisible plume
of the dry cooling tower while maintaining the high thermal
efficiency of the wet cooling tower. This paper describes the
testing of wet/dry plume abatement cooling towers to verify
performance under the manufacturer's guarantee. The guarantee is
expressed as a maximum plume relative humidity as a function of
the cooling tower working parameters (flow, range, inlet air
temperature and humidity).
|
|
|
Characterization of Drift Rates and Drift Droplet Distribution for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
|
Jack R. Missimer, David Wheeler Power Generation Technologies
|
1997
|
|
Abstract:
The results of over 50-drift test are drawn together to provide
insight into the appropriate characterizations of both drift
droplet distribution on mechanical draft cooling towers.
Examination of the results from both high efficiency and low
efficiency drift eliminators is included.
|
|
|
Accuracy and Linearity of Diamond Shaped Averaging Pilot Tubes
|
Susan Mahoney, Dieterich Standard
|
1997
|
|
Abstract:
Water flow measurement is a critical factor in the acceptance
testing of cooling towers. As described in previous technical
papers, measurement using pitot tubes another velocity type
probes is controversial. This paper describes the consistency
and accuracy of using a diamond shaped averaging pitot tube
technology for acceptance testing in water flow measurement. The
paper is based on data collected at an actual cooling tower
test, testing at a major cooling tower manufacturer, and
supporting test data from Alden Research Laboratories. The focus
is accuracy and linearity of flow measurement over wide velocity
ranges. Issues of accurate flow measurement in short straight
installations, the benefits of averaging the flow profile, and
advantages of permanent cooling tower water flow monitoring will
be shown.
|
|
|
A New Look at Recirculation Analysis Including Measure of a 50 Cell Cooling Tower
|
Michel Monjoie & Franz Bouton
Hamon Thermal Europe
|
2000
|
|
Abstract:
The Bang-Pakong cooling tower in Thailand was designed to cool
1.8 Million GPM of water. The cooling tower had 74 cells
arranged in 6 modules along the river. Four of these modules,
arranged in two rows, were closed one to the others. Such layout
provides recirculation effect. The paper presents the
recirculation measurements, the recirculation thermal effect on
performance and some guidelines for cooling tower design taking
their circulation into consideration.
|
|
|
Circulating Water Flow Measurements - A Study
|
Eugene D. Culver, Ceramic Cooling Tower Corporation
|
2001
|
|
Abstract:
This study compares the effect that measurement location
has on flow determination using different measurement techniques. Three different flow
measurement techniques used are the Pitot tube, a transit time sonic flow meter and a dye
dilution technique. Measurements are taken in the main header, the risers close after
flow disturbances, and in the risers again after eight diameters of straight run.
The goal of this study is to demonstrate that worthwhile flow determinations
require a system design having suitable measurement access locations with adequate piping runs.
|
|
|
Analysis of Thermal Performance Test Data of Large Cooling Towers Using CTI ToolKit Software.
|
Frank Michell, American Electric Power
|
2002
|
|
Abstract:
The paper will outline procedures and practices followed to
complete thermal performance tests on large utility cooling
towers in accordance with the provisions of the new CTI ATC-105
Acceptance Test Code. Case studies of actual tests on crossflow
and counterflow cooling towers with the results determined using
the CTI ToolKit Software would be included in the paper. The
presentation will incorporate a live demonstration using the
software to evaluate the test data to calculate tower
capability.
|
|
|
Flow Measurement and All That Jazz
|
Mark S. Huber and Robert P. Miller, Baltimore Aircoil Company
|
2003
|
|
Abstract:
Flow measurement is the single most critical parameter in cooling
tower testing, yet in most instances, only one measurement is taken
over the course of the test and all to often that is at a less than
ideal location. In this study, a controlled environment has been
created in which to compare the flow measurements obtained with
different instruments under several conditions including ideal,
significantly less than ideal, and the unwritten rule of 10D upstream
and 5D downstream. The three specific "significantly less than
ideal" conditions include a single elbow, a double ell in two
distinct planes, and a butterfly valve, fully open and partially
closed. The instruments will include a Simplex Pitot tube, a Simplex
tube with a modified Fechheimer tip, and Annubar, and insertable
turbine meter, an insertable mag meter, two transit time ultra-sonic
meters, and possibly others. Each meter at each location will be
checked at three flow rates, 3 fps, 7 fps, and 11 fps and compared to
a Magmeter with calibration traceable to NIST, permanently installed
in the same loop at an "ideal" location. In the paper, the
measurements obtained by each type meter at each position and at each
flow rate will be tabulated, compared, and conclusions discussed,
particularly as they may pertain to cooling tower testing.
|
|
|
A Simplified Method to Evaluate Cooling Tower and Condenser Performance Using the CTI ToolKit
|
Luc De Backer and Natasha Peterson, Bechtel
|
2008
|
|
Abstract:
A simple mathematical method will be proposed to estimate the cooling tower performance at off-design ambient conditions. The cooling tower data will be used as a starting point and the CTI toolkit will be used to calculate psychrometric properties and the Merkel number at off-design conditions to calculate the temperature of the cold water leaving the cooling tower using the slop of the cooling tower characteristic curve. By applying first principles and straightforward relationships for condensers, the condenser performance at off-design conditions can be predicted.
|
Search
View Cart