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Thermal Performance
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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The Evaluation of Cooling Tower Performance From Field Test Data (TPR-121)
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John C. Campbell
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1961
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Abstract:
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Effect of Altitude on Cooling Tower Rating and Performance (TPR-125)
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Thomas H. Hamilton
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1962
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Abstract:
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Sizing Cooling Towers to Optimize Plant Performance (TP218A)
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S.D. Clark, Union Carbide Corp.
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1962
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Abstract:
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A Report on In-Place Spray Treatment of Cooling Towers at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (TP-20A)
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L.C. Burkhalter, Union Carbide Corporation
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1967
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Abstract:
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Control of Fog From Cooling Towers (TP-30A)
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J.R. Buss, Monsanto Company
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1967
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Abstract:
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The Application of Computer Techniques to the Selection and Evaluation of Water Cooling Tower (TP-29A)
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Neil W. Kelly, Pritchard Products Corporation
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1967
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Abstract:
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Novel Cooling Tower Control System (TP-48A)
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H. Feitler & C.R. Townsend, Magna Corporation
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1968
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Abstract:
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Off-Peak Cooling With Thermocycle (TP-70A)
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Robert Reynolds, York Division Borg-Warner Corporation
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1969
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Abstract:
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Missapplication and Incorrect Location of Cooling Towers (TP-73A)
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Robert S. Jones, Francis Assoc.
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1969
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Abstract:
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Estimating Cooling Tower Costs Performance - A Tool for Determining the Impact on the Hydro-Thermal Program (TP-97A)
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Emoy H. Hall, Bonneville Power Administration
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1972
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Abstract:
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The Cooling Tower - Waste Heat Superstar (TP-121A)
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Peter M. Phelps, Phelps Engineering, Inc.
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1974
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Abstract:
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Proper Cooling Tower Operation Makes Money (TP-141A)
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James L. Willa, Lilie-Hoffmann
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1975
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Abstract:
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Emergency Shutdown Cooling Towers Considerations in the Evolution of an Optimum Tower Design (TP-152A)
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Stuart M. Klein, United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.
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1976
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Abstract:
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A Blueprint for the Preparation of Crossflow Cooling Tower Characteristic Curves (TP-146A)
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Neil W. Kelly, Neil W. Kelly and Associates
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1976
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Abstract:
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Improving Condenser Cleanliness by Using a Dispersant to Supplement Chlorination at a Nuclear Plant (TP-189A)
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J.R. Sipp, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, Jeff R. Townsend, Drew Chemical
Corp.
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1978
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Abstract:
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Review of Cooling Tower Calculation (TP-194A)
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Walter Gloyer, Consultant
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1978
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Abstract:
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An Evaluation of Schemes for the Prediction of Recirculation on Crossflow Rectangular Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers (TP-195A)
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R.D. Moore, D.E. Wheeler, K.R. Wilber & A.E. Johnson, Environmental Systems
Corp.
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1979
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Abstract:
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Handling Upsets in Cooling Water Systems (TP-196A)
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J.R. Townsend, Drew Chemical Corporation
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1979
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Abstract:
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Biofilm Development and Destruction in Turbulent Flow (TP-204A)
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W.G. Characklis, Rice University
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1979
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Abstract:
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Evaporative Hat Removal in Wet Cooling Towers (TP-209A)
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Thomas E. Eaton, P.E., University of Kentucky
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1979
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Abstract:
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Next Year's Profits...From Your Cooling Tower (TP-199A)
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C.J. McCann & Dennis Moran, Tower Performance, Inc.
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1979
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Abstract:
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A Review of Present and Recently Proposed Methods for Thermal Evaluation of Atmospheric Water Cooling Equipment (TP224A)
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Glenn F. Hallett, Fluor Engineers and Constructors, Inc.
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1980
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Abstract:
Recent methods for predicting and evaluating tower performance
will be discussed including spray cooling water systems.
Although dimensional analysis techniques for heat and mass
transfer are used, requirements for this solution are not always
met. Proposed and present methods are compared.
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Common Misconceptions Concerning Cooling Tower Performance (TP-225A)
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James L. Willa & John C. Campbell, Lilie-Hoffmann Cooling Towers, Inc.
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1980
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Abstract:
This paper demonstrates rather pointedly that cooling tower
performance and operation is not so straightforwardly simple as
it many times is thought to be. These misconceptions or "Old
Cooling Tower Tales" can cost you money in all phases of dealing
with cooling towers.
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Unique Systematic Approach Helps Conquer Multiple Cooling System Problems (TP-230A)
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Thomas D. Frey, Union Carbide Corporation and Albert D. Owens Calgon Corporation
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1981
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Abstract:
A computer program was used to select a treatment program that
eliminated or reduced problems associated with changing from
zinc-chromate treatment and makeup water source.
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Evaporative Cooling Performance Evaluation (TP-253A)
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Larry F. Howlett, Heat Transfer & Mechanical Design
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1982
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Abstract:
A model is presented which predicts the performance of an
evaporative cooling system at other than the tested operation
point. The model is based upon an empirical correlation for
convection heat transfer and a proposed form for this
correlation is introduced.
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Effect of Altitude on Cooling Tower Design and Testing (TP-251A)
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George E. McKee, Cooling Technology Corporation
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1982
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Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to show why altitude is an
important factor that should be taken into consideration when
designing or testing a tower. Information will also be presented
which should be helpful in doing calculations for elevations
other than sea level. Only counterflow towers will be discussed
in this paper because of the ease in performing the calculations
but the principles discussed also apply to crossflow towers.
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The Use of the CTI Blue Book at Altitude (TP269A)
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Robert Fulkerson, Cooling Technology Corporation
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1983
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Abstract:
This paper discusses methods to be utilized when using the CTI
BlueBook at any altitude.
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EPRI Research on Cooling Tower Performance (TP-84-01)
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John A. Bartz & Wayne C. Micheletti, Electric Power Research Institute
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1984
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Abstract:
One of the primary goals of EPRI's Heat Waste and Water
Management Program is to improve the ability of the utility
industry to predict and test the performance of power plant
cooling systems. The object of this work is to develop uniform
methods that will aid the industry in specifying cooling
systems, evaluating bids, performing retrofitting studies, and
testing system thermal performance. Current work includes
research on once-through systems, cooling ponds and lakes, and
wet and dry cooling towers. This paper describes research on
conventional evaporative cooling towers. The effort includes the
construction of a laboratory-scale fill test facility and
testing of promising counter flow and cross flow fill
configurations for thermal and hydraulic performance at both
laboratory scale and full scale.
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Integration of the Cooling Tower in the Chemical Processing Plant (TP-84-07)
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W. v.L. Campagne & Lane J. McDonough, Stone & Webster Engineering
Corporation
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1984
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Abstract:
For too long the Chemical Processing Industry has neglected the
effect of ambient air on total energy consumption. Cooling water
plays an important role in energy management. The Paper outlines
several operating considerations to provide a more energy
efficient system, as well as the information needed to determine
the optimum point of operation.
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Recirculation and Interference Characteristics of Circular Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers (TP-84-13)
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John W. Cooper, Jr., Zurn Industries, Inc.
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1984
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Abstract:
The entrainment of hot moist air from a cooling tower into the
tower inlet air decreases both overall tower and plant
performance. This study characterizes recirculation on a
circular mechanical draft-cooling tower. Data taken on this
tower are compared to data from similar tests on rectangular
mechanical draft cooling towers in this paper.
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Eliminating the Merkel Theory Approximations -- Can it Replace the Empirical "Temperature Correction Factor"? (TP-84-18)
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Marcel R. LeFevre, MRL Corporation
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1984
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Abstract:
The Merkel Theory was published in 1925 and demonstrated that
heat transfer in evaporative cooling tower was approximately
proportional to a difference of enthalpies. Approximations of
the theory are very large, mainly when water temperatures are
high. This paper presents a simple method to eliminate Merkel's
Theory approximations. It is practically as simple to use as the
present Merkel Theory, and existing data can still be used with
simple corrections. Hopefully this can be the base for a new
future standard of the cooling tower industry.
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Influence of air and Water Temperature on Fill Characteristics Curve (TP-85-08)
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Marcel R. LeFevre, MRL Corporation
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1985
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Abstract:
In a paper presented at the 1984 Annual CTI Meeting, the author
reviewed the Merkel theory approximations and suggested simple
methods to eliminate them in order to reduce the influence of
temperature on the demand curve. He indicated that a second
influence existed on the fill characteristic curve side. This
paper addresses this question in detail and compares theory with
actual test results, answering many of the questions left open
by the first paper.
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Application of Upspray Type Water Distribution Systems in Cooling Towers (TP-85-09)
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H. Peter Fay & Gerhard Hesse, GEA Power Cooling Systems, Inc.
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1985
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Abstract:
Thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the up-spray system;
performance verification; effects on tower configuration and
fill; operational and maintenance characteristics.
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An Operations History of W.A. Parish Units #7 & #8 Main Cooling Towers and Associated Systems (TP-86-02)
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Mary Brakhage Fuglaar, Houston Lighting & Power Company
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1986
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Abstract:
The limited cooling capacity of the HL&P W.A. Parish lake
made the construction of cooling towers essential with the last
two generating units. The operations history of these two large,
round, concrete cooling towers is reviewed. In addition to
comparing their design similarities and differences, specific
areas are discussed, including the dual sources of makeup water
and blowdown control.
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Status Report: Cooling Tower Performance Project (TP-86-03)
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John A. Bartz & Wayne C. Micheletti, EPRI and Margaret C. McPhail, Houston
Lighting & Power
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1986
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Abstract:
The current status of the EPRI Cooling Tower Performance Test
Facility Project, described at the 1984 CTI Annual Conference,
is reported. Operating experience and test results from the
Small Scale Test Facility and full-scale facilities at Houston
Light & Power stations are presented. Results from computer
codes to predict tower performance, including one developed and
validated in Europe, are included. Elimination of the need for a
hot water temperature correction by use of these codes is
explained. Description of a project expansion is provided, which
includes a study of fill degradation plus improved water and
airflow rate measurement techniques aimed at more accurate heat
balances. In addition, developmental fill configuration proposed
for performance tests are described.
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Activation of a New Tower Facility (TP-86-12)
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W.D. Lansford, P.E., Arnold Engineering Development Ctr.
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1986
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Abstract:
The activation of a new heat exchanger, pipeline and components,
and cooling tower systems, can present problems not found in
modifications or additions to existing systems. This paper will
address some of the unexpected events that surfaced during
activation of the cooling tower systems, piping, and valving and
the steps taken to correct the occurrences.
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Application of Uncertainty Analysis to Cooling Tower Thermal Performance Tests (TP-86-15)
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John G. Yost & David E. Wheeler Environmental Systmes Corp.
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1986
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Abstract:
The Cooling Tower Institute has adopted much needed guidelines
for providing meaningful estimates of measurement uncertainty
and the propagation of these uncertainties into the
determination of cooling tower capability. Uncertainty analyses
can be useful in determining test validation and compliance with
contractual agreements. This paper addresses actual and desired
uncertainties associated with specific test parameters. It
addresses how these errors propagate into the calculation of
cooling tower capability uncertainty. Specific examples are
given based on multiple hours of test data acquired on both
natural draft (crossflow and counterflow) and mechanical draft
(rectangular and circular) cooling towers. The paper will show
how significant uncertainty is calculated versus predicted
capability in natural draft cooling towers can occur. Guidelines
for reducing uncertainty are provided for mechanical and natural
draft towers.
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Exhaust Steam Condensing With an Evaporative Condenser (TP-88-01)
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Lindsay L. Haman, P.E., Baltimore Aircoil Company, David Hutton, P.E., BAC-Pritchard
Inc.
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1988
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Abstract:
Presents and discusses the use of an evaporative steam condenser
system in lieu of the more conventional steam surface
condenser-circulating water-evaporative cooling tower system for
small to medium steam power applications. Evaporative condensers
have been used for many years in the refrigeration, process and
air conditioning industry. Through modifications to the
condensing coils to accommodate the low-density steam and
entrained non-condensable gases, they can be used economically
with condensing steam turbines in co-generation and waste heat
recovery plants.
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Artificial Intelligence for Operation of a Crossflow Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower (TP-88-17)
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Benjamin R. Crocker & David E. Wheeler, Environmental Systems Corporation,
Gerald L. Mroczkowski & Richard E. Steiner, Wisconsin Public Service Corp.
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1988
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Abstract:
Paper describes a data acquisition/monitoring system that
provides multiple levels of icing alarm for a crossflow
mechanical draft-cooling tower. System software compares the
current operating status to the optimum operating status and
recommends how many fans, cells, pumps, etc., to operate in
order to provide the best net plant heat rate.
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Cooling Water Operational Experiences at an Ammonia Plant (TP-89-17)
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Guy A. Crucil & Lawrence Aytes Nalco Chemical Company, and Paul A. Lamar,
Farmland Industries, Inc.
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1989
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Abstract:
With the increasing pressures placed on various chemical plants
to limit effluent constituents, a greater emphasis has been
placed on the cooling tower blowdown. Not only is the discharge
concern placed on the commonly used heavy metal corrosion
inhibitors such as chromate and zinc, but on other components as
well such as ammonia. A review of cooling tower operational
experiences is presented to illustrate one plant's method of
minimizing the effluent discharge while observing excellent
corrosion, scale, and microbiological control in their cooling
water systems.
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A More Nearly Exact Representation of Cooling Tower Theory (TP-91-02)
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Allen E. Feltzin, Airco Industrial Gases/The BOC Group, Dudley Benton, Tennessee
Valley Authority
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1991
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Abstract:
Merkel theory relied on several basic assumptions to simplify
the mathematical calculations involved in the determination on
KaV (cooling tower demand). Sixty-five years later, computers
and numerical methods allow for more precise determinations. A
description of the history and current status of this
development is presented. Necessary formulas and computational
methods are presented in their entirety.
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Development of Cooling Tower Performance Impacts on Utility and Process Plants (TP-91-07)
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Ken Quigley, Ecodyne Cooling Tower Services and Karl Wilber Research Cottrell
Companies
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1991
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Abstract:
The development of accurate and representative cooling tower
performance penalties is critical to the optimization of cooling
systems design and the assessment of associated performance
penalties. This paper provides economic penalties for typical
fossil power plants. Additionally, a cross section of process
industry plants are reviewed in the terms of the impact of the
cooling tower return temperatures on recovered products.
Finally, the issue of fan power and pumping head penalties will
be revisited with the objective of assessing total tower
economic evaluation as well as systems optimization.
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Using The EPRI Test Data to Verify a More Accurate Method of Predicting Cooling Tower Performance (TP-92-01)
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Richard J. DesJardins, DesJardins and Associates
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1992
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Abstract:
Cooling tower performance test data published by EPRI and others
is re-examined using a full compliment of modifications
suggested by others to the standard Merkel method of analysis.
The purpose of the paper is to verify a theoretical way of
eliminating the need to use an empirical "hot water correction
factor" to obtain accurate cooling tower performance
predictions. Data analysis is graphically presented for both the
standard CTI method and the modified "off-set" method to
demonstrate the significant improvements that can be made.
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Tower Demolition safety Techniques For The 90's
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Michael F. Talley & John Elrod Martin Marietta Utility Services, Inc.
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1995
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Abstract:
In 1987, a comprehensive reliability study was made to ascertain
the ability of the present 42-year-old recirculating water
system to meet the anticipated load demand through the year
2010. The study determined that the deterioration of the cooling
tower over the years necessitated replacement of the structures
from the ground up. This project posed many hazards related to
worker safety. This paper will deal with the safety techniques
used during the project. Portions of the paper will deal with
Personal Protection Equipment, fall protection, and lifting and
rigging methods used during the demolition of the cooling tower.
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Computerized Simulation of Closed Circuit Cooling Tower With Parallel and Counterflow Spray Water-Air Flow Design
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Branislav Korenic, Ph.D., Aircoil Company
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1995
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Abstract:
An exact analytic method for evaluating heat and mass transfer
in closed circuit cooling towers, previously developed by the
author, has been expanded and revised to provide a computerized
means to predict the thermal performance and determine the
associated energy requirements for a specified tower design. The
validity of the model has been verified and fine-tuned by
extensive laboratory testing. After a brief overview of the
analytical model, it is demonstrated how this model can be
effectively applied to both counterflow and parallel flow spray
water-air flow arrangements in actual tower designs. The main
computer program options are then discussed, with emphasis on
the iterative nature of the solution. Finally, the temperature
profiles of the process fluid, spray water, and air wet bulb
temperature are presented and discussed for both flow
arrangements. An overview of the laboratory test program is also
presented. In summary, this paper reports on the successful
combination of the latest state-of the-art analytical procedures
with advanced programming techniques and extensive laboratory
testing to create a workable and powerful engineering software
package for evaluating the thermal performance of large closed
circuit cooling towers.
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Enhancing Tower Performance Using Non-Uniform Water Distribution
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Adriaan J. de Villiers, Peter B. Bosman, Knight Piesold Energy
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1996
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Abstract:
The paper will examine the effects of special variations of L/G
within a cooling tower, on the overall thermal performance of
the tower. Air temperature profiles above the fill, resulting
from non-uniform water distribution profiles will be presented.
Theoretical vs. actual results for the return water temperature
will be compared.
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On-Line Performance Monitoring of the 1300 MW Natural Draft Cooling Towers on American Electric Power's General James M. Gavin Plant
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Frank L. Michell, Dan H Drew American Electric Power
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1997
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Abstract:
American Electric Power's past and current approach to
determining and monitoring performance of natural draft cooling
towers on coal fired generating units from 260-1300MW size will
be discussed in the paper. The paper will focus on the Gavin
Plant on-line performance monitoring system approach with prior
testing activities on AEP System cooling towers included from a
historical perspective.
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Wireless Condition Monitoring of Industrial Cooling Towers.
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Buddy Lee, MAARS, Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
A new method of wireless condition monitoring for cooling tower
applications will be presented. The development of Spread
Spectrum communications technology now makes real-time vibration
and process analysis available over plant ethernet or the
internet. Remote diagnostics of cooling tower condition may be
implemented at low cost using off the shelf components.
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A Temporary Cooling Tower CAN Work For You.
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Billy Childers, Aggreko, Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
Temporary cooling towers allow for a contingency plan of the
heart of the plant that will save time and money in the event of
an unexpected loss. They provide increased worker safety during
reconstruction as well as protecting the environment and
"keeping the lights on" at the power plant. The plant can "try
before you buy" to provide undisputable evidence of the impact
of cooler water. Add to all of this the ability to maintain full
production during the summer heat and one can see how a
temporary system will solve plant worries and increase profits.
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Vibration Control for Cooling Towers.
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Robert Simmons, Amber/Booth Company
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2002
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Abstract:
Cooling towers can be a major source of objectionable vibration
and vibration induced noise in buildings. This presentation will
examine vibration control issues for cooling towers, why
vibration from cooling towers is a problem, how to isolate the
vibration, and some practical installation guidelines will be
discussed.
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Network Analysis Helps Increase Cooling System Capacity.
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Sushil Aggarwal, Fluro Daniel Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
A planned refinery expansion required 1500 GPM of additional
cooling water. The refinery has undergone several expansions in
the past where either the capacity of existing units increased
or new processing units were added. The original cooling water
system was straining to meet the increasing demands placed on
it. Further the pressure loss in the piping had increased over
time due to settlement of dirt and scaling. While the cooling
tower had additional thermal capacity, the circulation pumps and
distribution piping system were hydraulically limited.
Alternatives were explored to avoid installing additional
circulation pumps and dedicated supply and return piping for the
new process unit. A hydraulic network analysis helped in
identifying pinch points in the large piping network with over
120 pipe segments and more than 18 process units. A solution to
supply the new unit without installing new pumps and dedicated
headers was identified by reducing flow resistance in the pinch
points with significant cost savings.
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Innate Recirculation of Cooling Towers
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Hector L. Cruz, Bechtel Power Corporation
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2003
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Abstract:
In today's power market there is an overall decrease in
available plot area in which to build a power plant. For this
reason larger projects are requiring more back-to-back cooling
tower configurations. Previous CTI publications show that
certain cooling tower configurations and designs are more
responsible than others for creating recirculation environments,
and indeed, back-to-back configurations create more
recirculation than in-line. In-line and back-to-back
counter-flow configurations makeup the bulk of new cooling tower
installations. However, this report deals exclusively with
back-to-back counter-flow cooling towers. It will also develop
1) the upper limit for design variables that create
recirculation, and 2) answer which variables have a greater
affect on the cooling towers' thermal performance, auxiliary
power, and cost.
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Supplemental Cooling
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Billy Childers, Aggreko
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2004
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Abstract:
The paper will cover the benefit and pitfalls of supplemental cooling.
1: Information required and process to determine proper sizing. 2:
Location and considerations (recirculation pitfalls). 3: The
importance of proper water balancing between existing and supplemental
cells/towers. 4: Discuss the pros and cons of supplemental water
should be returned within the existing towers basin. 6: Provide
drawings and photos of actual installations.
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Thorough Inspections Reduce Cooling Tower Mechanical and Performance Risks
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Terry McCoy - ChemTreat, Inc.
Robert Strandberg - Covanta, Inc.
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2004
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Abstract:
Identification of cooling tower problems prior to resultant failures
allows avoidance of unexpected major repair costs. Periodic
inspections of mechanical and structural components by knowledgeable
personnel are critical in maintaining and performance of the tower. By
performing thorough annual inspections as described, corrective action
can be initiated and repairs can be budgeted.
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Online Refurbishment of four Large Natural Draft Cooling Towers
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Alex Dreyer - GEA Aircooled Systems
Gerrit Putter - SASOL Technology
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2005
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Abstract:
Many large power/petrochemical plants have older cooling towers which
are in need of major repairs but shutting down these towers will
result in large production losses. A project was started in which the
water distribution system and the splash pack grids of four existing
natural draft cooling towers at a large petrochemical plant were to be
replaced without shutting down the water flow to the cooling towers.
The water flow to typically 10% of a given tower was shut off after
the installation of butterfly valves. The existing packing in this
area was then removed and replaced with new high performance slash
packing. The work on the first two towers is scheduled for completion
in July 2004. Performance tests on these two towers are scheduled for
the southern hemisphere summer 2004/2005. The work on the remaining
two towers is scheduled for completion at the end of 2005.
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Dynamic Load Considerations in Cooling Tower Water Distribution Piping
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David M. Suptic, David M. Suptic P.E. LLC
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2005
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Abstract:
Cooling tower water distribution piping is typically designed for
normal water flow rates and low operating pressures. Actual operating
conditions can produce pressure and flow conditions that create
significant dynamic piping loads. This paper identifies cooling tower
operating practices that may create increased piping loads and
provides deep considerations that can help prevent catastrophic pipe
failures.
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Hybrid Closed-Circuit Cooling Tower Solves a Water Availability Problem
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David Hutton, Baltimore Aircoil Company
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2005
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Abstract:
The owner/operator of a Canadian air-separation plant had planned to
install an open cooling tower for summer heat rejection, and an
air-cooled heat exchanger for winter operation, because water for
evaporation is unavailable at the plant site in the winter. By taking
advantage of hybrid, wet-dry closed-circuit cooling tower technology,
the owner is now able to handle the heat rejection requirements with a
single piece of equipment that provides the advantages of evaporative
cooling in the summer, uses no water in the winter, and consumes less
energy and less water than either of the other options.
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Cooling Towers Work As A System
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Richard DesJardins, DesJardins Consulting
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2006
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Abstract:
There are two principal concepts that often confuse people that are
not familiar with cooling towers and how they operate. One, the
cooling tower is a part of a bigger system; It does not set the heat
load; the paper will explain how the tower interacts with the system.
Two, the cooling tower and its components work as a system. The paper
will explain how changes to one part of the tower can affect all the
other parts of the tower: Such as selecting the economic size of the
tower, affect of changing fill dimensions and type, heights, fan or
stack size or type, inlet heights, location of louvers, nozzle type,
choice of materials, temperature limits, definition of
"tough" and "easy duties", and many more. It will
define normal limits for air velocities throughout the tower, water
loadings, fan power, and other good practice limitations. It will
explain how pressure drop changes performance. It will discuss
aftermarket changes that make things worse, not better. Comments will
be general, not specific to any one product or type.
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Responding to a Cooling Tower Emergency
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Billy Childers, Aggreko LLC
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2006
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Abstract:
This paper is intended to explore the "typical" path that
businesses go down when an unexpected cooling tower failure occurs.
Review the time and resources spent in planning and executing a
recovery plan. Then review an alternative path that could be chosen to
expedite the recovery and avoid any needless losses. The paper will
also explore the need for, and the value of having a good executable
contingency plan in place.
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Guidelines for Successful Cooling Tower Installations for Campus District Energy Systems
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Frank T Morrison, Baltimore Aircoil Company
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2006
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Abstract:
Water-cooled systems provide many advantages for campus-type district
energy systems, including low first cost, low operating cost, and
reduced space requirements. Cooling towers are often the forgotten
"back-end" of the cooling system, yet play a key role in the
operation of the entire system. A well-designed evaporative cooling
tower installation is critical to achieving the maximum benefit from
the system investment. This paper provides insight into key
considerations for these large cooling tower installations, including
tower configurations, proper selection, layout, sound, plume, water
use, control strategies, and maintenance.
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Seismic Rated Factory Assembled Evaporative Cooling Equipment
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Scott Nevins, EVAPCO, Inc.
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2007
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Abstract:
The International Building Code (IBC) is a comprehensive set of
regulations addressing the structural design and installation for
building systems. As of May 1st, 2006, 47 states and Washington DC
have adopted the International Building Code. Compared to previous
building codes that solely examined anchorage, the International
Building Code addresses anchorage, structural integrity, and
operational capability of a component following a seismic event. This
paper will focus on the International Building Code as pertains to
factory assembled evaporative cooling equipment and emphasize the
methodology for determining the applicability of the code to specific
projects.
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Crossflow Cooling Tower Performance Calculations
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Robert Fulkerson, Fulkerson & Associates
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2008
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Abstract:
This paper reviews and explains the Zivi Brand method of calculating crossflow cooling tower thermal performance. In addition it presents a mathematical method which can be used to predict the performance of a cooling tower which has a fill height and fill air travel, which is different from the test cell from which the rating data was obtained.
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Architectural Enclosure Influences on The Performance of Field Erected Cooling Towers
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Toby Daley, Composite Cooling Solutions, L.P.
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2008
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Abstract:
Architectural enclosures for cooling towers are not a new phenomena. Ideal clearances are provided by manufacturers to achieve the rated performance. However, understanding and predicting thermal performance impacts when less than ideal clearances are available becomes more complex. This paper will present a study of an architectural louver enclosure and its influence on the performance of the tower when less than ideal clearances are achievable.
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