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AEP's Experience With Polyester FRP Structure Cooling Towers |
Bob Cashner, American Electric Power |
2011 |
| Abstract: The first polyester fiberglass structure cooling towers were placed in operation on the AEP system during the period of 2008 to 2010. One of these towers is a counter-flow design while the other four towers are cross-flow designs. Surface blisters were found on 15% to 20% of the columns in two towers after 18 months of service. A majority of the fiberglass bearing pads have failed in 3 towers which caused the bottom of many of the pipe columns to vertically split and fail. Information will be presented on the above issues, field repairs and lessons learned. |
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Simultaneous Removal of Waterborne Bacteria and Total Suspended Solids Using an Antimicrobial Media in a Crossflow Filter System |
James W. Stephens, Sonitec, Inc.; Mark B. Miller, A.S. Filtration, LLC |
2010 |
| Abstract: This paper describes the results of laboratory challenges supported by a series of field demonstrations where an innovative filtration technology is applied for the simultaneous removal and suppression of waterborne bacteria and total suspended solids (TSS). |
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New Cooling Tower Nozzle Features and Performance |
Andreas Streng, Ph.D., CTS Cooling Tower Solutions GmbH |
2010 |
| Abstract: Spray nozzles are key elements of evaporative cooling towers, but are often neglected. Many different nozzle types have been developed and are used in cooling towers worldwide. The spray patterns of eight different nozzles from the international cooling tower market were investigated inside a hall with the result that there are no nozzles available which provide an even water distribution as it is achieved in other industries. But uneven distribution leads to reduced cooling performance. Therefore, a new spary nozzle for cooling tower applications was developed in co-operation with leading spray nozzle experts over the last three years. Design details and distribution patterns will be presented. |
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An Investigation of Pin Bearing Strength on Composite Materials |
Dustin L. Troutman and Jeremy D. Mostoller, Creative Pultrusions, Inc. |
2010 |
| Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate a correlation between coupon level pin bearing tests and in situ laboratory testing of FRP joints commonly utilized in cooling towers and other structures designed and built with pultruded FRP structural members. The investigation includes 4% hole elongation bearing strength as compared to ultimate bolt bearing with various bolt sizes and hole tolerances, as well as, the effects of threads acting on the bearing surface. |
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The Impact of Veil Thickness and Coating on Cooling Tower FRP Composites |
Clint Smith, Strongwell, Inc. |
2005 |
| Abstract: FRP Cooling Tower customers typically request thick synthetic surfacing veils and coated end cuts for their applications. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain an estimate of the property enhancement for these two FRP production operations which add to product cost. Strongwell has tested the impact of veil thickness on twelve inch columns exposed to room temperature water and on the compressive strength in retention after 1,000 hours of weathering. The veil thickness ranged from no veil to 13mils and revealed no advantage for increasing the veil thickness. Strongwell also performed another environmental study on the impact of coating for the bearing and compressive properties. The water exposure was at room temperature and 125°F revealing no performance advantage obtained from the coating. |
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Internal Pipe Seals for Repair of Cooling Water Piping |
John A. Charest, Universal Utility Services |
2003 |
| Abstract: Internal sealing of raw water piping to arrest corrosion has been utilized in municipal applications for over twenty-five years. This process consists of an EPDM rubber seal that is positioned over the affected area and is locked in place with two hydraulically expanded stainless steel retaining bands, located at each end of the seal. In cooling water-piping systems, numerous leaks often suggest that large sections of pipe may need to be replaced, although in many cases the deterioration is limited to the pipe joints. Preferential attack at welded joints is a common problem and deteriorated conditions can also be found at flanged and bell and spigot connections. Typically, repairs range from complete replacement of the affected area to welded patches and belly bands. This relatively simple method to repair and isolate deteriorated areas can be completed in piping diameters ranging from 16 inches to 18 feet. As many as 100 smaller diameter seals can be installed, inspected and tested during a 48-hour time period. |
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Cooling Towers, Evaporative Condensers, and ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 |
David F. Geary, Baltimore Aircoil Company |
2001 |
| Abstract: ASHRAE recently published a guideline, 'Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems'. Guideline 12 presents guidance covering a multitude of systems including cooling towers and evaporative condensers. The guideline presents a description of each system as well as an overview of the system operation including operating temperature, water droplet sizes, and nutrient availability. Recommended treatment practices are presented. The guideline emphasizes the importance of good housekeeping, biological treatment, and where possible control of the temperature level as principal control strategies. Guideline 12 is available from ASHRAE. |
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Safe Erection Procedure for Fiberglass Cooling Towers |
Jacob Moneta, Brian O'Leary, Hamon Cooling Towers |
2001 |
| Abstract: In many of the locations where mechanical draft cooling towers are constructed, high winds canbe a serious safety consideration, especially with partially built structures. This paper willfocus upon the erection procedure for fiberglass mechanical draft cooling towers. However, much of the procedure has application for wood towers as well. |
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Diagonal Bracing Connections in Fiberglass Cooling Towers |
Jamie Bland, Ceramic Cooling Tower Company |
1999 |
| Abstract: This paper investigates typical connections of diagonal braces in fiberglass cooling towers. These connections are typically accomplished using mechanical fasteners and/or structural adhesives. Different combinations of mechanical fasteners and/or adhesive joints will be presented with a comparative study showing full-scale test results. |
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Implementing Regulations Under The Fastener Quality Act (FQA) |
Rodrick WIlliams, All-Pro Fastener, Inc. |
1998 |
| Abstract: This paper covers the ins and out's of the new public law that covers graded product used by OEM companies as well as what it means to the cooling tower industry. |
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Strength-Degredation Based Life Expectancy of Wood Cooling Towers |
Jozsef Bodig, Arun K. Pandey, Engineering Data Mgmt., Inc. Jeff Hofacre, American Electric Power Serv. Corp., Mark Holmberg Northern States Power Co., |
1996 |
| Abstract: Life expectancy predictions of wood cooling towers are accomplished with the aid of nondestructive and/or destructive testing of representative samples of structural members and their connections. Based on the test information on the current condition and the original design stresses, rates of strength degradations are computed for critical components. The degradation rates, combined with structural analysis, are used to project a life expectancy of the tower at a given level of probability. Examples of evaluations of current conditions and life expectancy projections are provided for cooling towers owned by Appalachian Power Co., Northern States Power Co. and Potomac Electric Power Co. |
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Development of FRP Structural Frame For Industrial Cooling Tower |
Kanji Kato & Kesaaki Mochizuki Ishikawajima Plant Eng. & Const. Co., LTD., Akira Hamamoto, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., LTD., Hideto Ya |
1994 |
| Abstract: Three companies have cooperatively developed a structural frame system for industrial cooling towers using pultruded FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) profiles as a substitute for lumber to improve the durability. The mechanical, weather proof and endurance properties in water environment of pultruded materials, and the buckling and joint strength of pultruded tubes were evaluated. A full-scale model of the structural frame was constructed and tested under static and dynamic loads. Design and construction methods for a reliable structural frame system with pultruded FRP profiles have been established. The first industrial cooling tower with a FRP structural frame has operated satisfactorily for more than four years. The number of industrial cooling tower with FRP structural frame is increasing every year. |
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Design Consideration For the Installation of RTRP Piping for Cooling Tower Hot Water Distribution Systems (TP-87-03) |
Michael F. Luckenbill, Fibercast Company |
1987 |
| Abstract: Special considerations must be addressed in regard to thermal expansion and contract when fiberglass pipe is anchored, supported, guided or allowed to float free on a cooling tower. Attention to these considerations will minimize the forces which the cooling tower must withstand. |
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The Selection and Testing of Plastics Tower Fill (TP-86-05) |
Steven C. Blue, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. |
1986 |
| Abstract: A field and laboratory testing program was conducted to measure the temperature off installed tower fill and identify a cost effective fill to refurbish existing towers. The creep rate of PVC fill was determined as a function of temperature, load and sheet thickness. |
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Pultruded Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester: The Material of Choice For Cooling Towers (TP-85-17) |
Roger A. Anderson, Enduro Fiberglass Systems |
1985 |
| Abstract: The pultrusion process and resulting high strength fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP) laminate has many answers for cooling tower engineers. A review of the process, physical properties and successful applications reveals the importance of this material in the cooling tower industry. The process improvements and process control procedures developed during the 70's and 80's enable pultruded FRP to compete with higher priced woods and treated steels for many future applications |
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A New Type of Closed Circuit Cooling Tower With Plastic Heat Exchangers (TP-261A) |
G. Hery, Hamon (France), J. Bauthier, Hamon-Sobelco (Belgium), William M. Wurtz, Hmon-Sobelco International |
1983 |
| Abstract: This paper discusses the advantages of an evaporative cooling tower that operates wet-dry or dry. To our knowledge this design is the only commercial cooling tower that uses thermoplastic tubes for the heat transfer. |
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Structural Evaluation of Profiled Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester Panels For Cooling Towers (TP-255A) |
Joseph F. Panikulam, H.H. Robertson Company |
1982 |
| Abstract: Profiled fiberglass reinforced polyester panels (FRP) are gaining acceptance in the cooling tower market. They are attractive, durable, lightweight, easily applied and competitively priced. Cooling towers should be carefully engineered and built, as they represent considerable investment. Profiled FRP panels form an integral part of the cooling tower infrastructure. They deserve careful testing evaluation before being applied to the structure. |
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Controlling The Deterioration of Asbestos Cement Cooling Tower Fill (TP-258A) |
Winston Chow, Electric Power Research Inst., Richard W. Stone Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engr. |
1982 |
| Abstract: Many large cooling towers have been constructed over the past twenty years with asbestos-cement fill. A total of forty-eight power plants were surveyed as a part of this investigation. Approximately, one-third of those surveyed use asbestos cement for fill or for other components (i.e., louvers, walls, etc.) of the cooling tower. At roughly half of these installations, the cooling water has caused noticeable deterioration of the fill, in two known cases, the deterioration degradation of the asbestos-cement fill is suspected to be leaching of the cement from the fill. Release of these asbestos fibers into the environment through either cooling tower blowdown or as an aerosol (i.e., draft) from the tower may result in adverse regulatory and/or health impact. This paper summarizes the survey, describes the extent and severity of the problem, discusses the causes, and suggests corrective action. The paper is based upon a research project funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). |
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Electric Brake For Cooling Tower Motors (TP-217A) |
Elmer E. Rabek, Reliance Electric Company |
1980 |
| Abstract: By using an electrical braking technique, it is possible to prevent windmilling and provide secondary benefits that reduce installation and maintenance costs. |
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Low Cost New Material For Construction of Water Cooling Towers (TP-180A) |
R.W. Billings, Reichhold Chemicals, Dennis P. Miller, Dow Chemical |
1978 |
| Abstract: |
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Use and Availability of Redwood Lumber in Cooling Towers (TP-154A) |
Peter Johnson, Jr., California Redwood Association |
1976 |
| Abstract: |
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Plastic Piping Systems in Cooling Tower Design (TP-104A) |
David A. Chasis, Plastics Piping Systems, Inc. |
1972 |
| Abstract: |
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Application of AC Motors to Cooling Towers (TP-63A) |
J.A. Ciesar, Westinghouse Electric Corporation |
1969 |
| Abstract: |
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A Look at Wood Plastic Composites With Implication For Cooling Tower Applications (TP-64A) |
Duane L. Kenaga, Dow Chemical Company |
1969 |
| Abstract: |
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Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics and Cooling Towers (TP-34A) |
Richard W. Billings, Reinforced Plastics Division |
1967 |
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Fire Retardant Fiberglass Reinforced Polester as a Material of Construction for Cooling Towers (TP-19A) |
Paul R. Carey & Walter A. Szymanski, Durez Plastics Division Hooker Chemical Corp. |
1966 |
| Abstract: |
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Plastic Trends in Cooling Tower Design (TP-5A) |
A.L. Fuller, Fluor Products Co. |
1962 |
| Abstract: |
