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Fouling
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Waterside Fouling and Scaling of Heat Exchange Equipment (TP-8A)
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B.J. Kelly & Paul R. Puckorius Nalco Chemical Company
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1963
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Abstract:
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Cooling Water Anti-Foulants, Theory and Application (TP-59A)
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Ronald D. Lees & J. Larry Twifold, Hercules, Inc.
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1969
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Abstract:
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Organic/Inorganic Polymers - A New Treatment For Cooling Water System (TP-91A)
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Paul R. Puckorius, W.E. Zimmie Inc.
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1971
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Abstract:
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Silica Deposit - Status Report (TP-169A)
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William S. Midkiff & H. Pressley Foyt, Los Alamos Scientific Lab.
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1977
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Abstract:
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Fundamental Considerations in Biofouling Control (TP-221A)
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W.G. Characklis, M.G. Trulear & N. Stathopoulos, Montana State University
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1980
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Abstract:
The term fouling refers to the formationof inorganic and /or
organic deposits on surfaces. In cooling systems, these deposits
form on condenser tube walls increasing fluid frictional
resistance, accelerating corrosion and impairing heat transfer.
Biological fouling, or Biofouling, results from the attachment
and growth of microbial organisms (microfouling) or microbial
organisms (macrofouling). This paper is directed at microbial
fouling.
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Use of a New Fouling Monitor in Development and Application of Cooling Water Treatments (TP-238A)
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Bruce L. Libutti, Drew Chemical Corp., & Rex V. Rhoades, Rohrback Corporation
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1981
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Abstract:
A new fouling monitor has been developed which compares the heat
transfer resistance of fouled and clean surfaces in the same
water. Comparisons between laboratory and field data are
discussed.
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Discriminating Between Biofouling and Scaling in a Deposition Monitor (TP-239A)
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Nicholas Zelver, W.R. Characklis & Frank L. Roe, Montana State University
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1981
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Abstract:
Simultaneous measurements of fluid frictional resistance and
heat transfer resistance can be used to distinguish between
Biofouling and scaling. Theoretical calculations and
experimental data indicate the strength and limitations of this
method.
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Determination of Seasonal Variations in Fouling Factors and Apparent Slime Thickness (TP-237A)
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R.J. Ferguson, Apollo Technologies, Inc.
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1981
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Abstract:
Description of the fouling factor changes observed during winter
and summer chlorination outages and are compared to fouling
factors measured during a pilot-scale deposition study.
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Biofouling Control in Recycled Cooling Water With Bromo Chloro Dimethlhydantoin (TP-250A)
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J.V. Matson, Univ. of Houston & W.G. Characklis, Montana State University
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1982
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Abstract:
Recycled cooling water can contain very high levels of organics,
creating a potentially significant Biofouling problem on heat
transfer surface. A system in which all treated process waters
were added to the cooling water system, and the cooling water
was recycled through a sidestream softener was studied. A
variety of Biofouling monitoring systems were evaluated; as were
control chemicals.
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Use of a Fouling/Corrosion Monitor to Optimize an Organic Cooling Water Treatment Program (TP-246A)
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P. Thomas, G. Hays & R. Yawn, Drew Chemical Corporation
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1982
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Abstract:
This paper details a method used to streamline and optimize an
organic corrosion inhibitor program at a southwest gas
processing plant. It involves the use of data generated by a
portable fouling, corrosion monitor that is capable of
simulating a plant's critical heat exchangers. Both velocity and
surface temperature are duplicated in order to provide an
identical environment for fouling and corrosion that is
occurring in the plants equipment.
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Tube Material, Fluid Velocity, Surface Temperature and Fouling a Field Study (TP-84-16)
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N. Zelver, J.A. Robinson & F.L. Roe, CCE, Inc., W.G. Characklis, Montana State
Univ., & Z. Dicic, K. Chapple & A. Ribaudo, Power Auth. of the State of New
York
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1984
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Abstract:
A fouling monitor was operated under different environmental
conditions to minimize fouling. Three tubes were made of AL-6X
stainless steel and one of 90-10 copper-nickel. Operating
conditions included different flow rates (1.0 and 1.7 fps) and
periodic surges in flow to scour the fouling deposit. Results
showed: 10 flow surges were partially effective, 2)
copper-nickel fouled slower but was more difficult to clean, and
3) fouling was greater at 1.0 fps.
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Guidelines for Selection and Use of On-line Fouling Monitors (TP-85-02)
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William E. Moore & George F. Hays, CTI Water Treatment Committee
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1985
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Abstract:
Many types of monitors are used in cooling systems to determine
fouling rates. Each type has advantages and disadvantages. This
is a review of the types of monitors commercially available.
Basic heat transfer theory and various calculations used to
determine fouling rates are reviewed. Also discussed are uses
and benefits, and guidelines for choosing a fouling monitor.
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The Effects of Oil Contamination and Suspended Solids on Fouling and Corrosion Rates in Open Recirculating Cooling Water Systems (TP-85-14)
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Joseph S. Roti & Amato Spagnoletti, Drew Industrial Div.
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1985
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Abstract:
Oil contamination represents a major problem to many large
industrial cooling water systems. Oil can act as a nutrient for
biological fouling, causes more voluminous deposits by
agglomerating suspended solids and can interfere with film
formation of corrosion inhibitors, thereby increasing corrosion
rates. Hydrocarbon dumps in oil refineries, lubricating oils in
steel mills and other oil-based process leaks all contribute to
the above-mentioned problems.
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Biological Organic Fouling and Its Effect on Corrosion of AISI 304 Stainless Steel (TP-86-14)
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Amadew J.N. Silva, Renato A. Silva, Jose O. Silva & James N. Tanis, Aquatec
Quimica, S.A.
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1986
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Abstract:
The significant increase in heat load in cooling water systems
in distilleries, as a result of the development of the
Pro-Alcohol Program in Brazil, has necessitated the use of
cooling towers over the traditional once-through systems. The
problems associated with using cooling towers in distilleries
are unique because of the temperatures involved, the materials
of construction (stainless steel) and the concentration
potential for any and all types of organic contamination, both
from process and makeup water sources. Special fieldwork and lab
research has shown interesting relationships between the level
of organic fouling and the degree of concentrate pitting type
corrosion on stainless steel surface.
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Control of Microbiological Fouling with Glutaraldehyde (TP-87-01)
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Robert G. Eagar, Jr., Ph.D. & Alan B. Theis, Ph.D., Union Carbide Corporation
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1987
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Abstract:
Microorganisms that contaminate a variety of cooling water
systems produce Biofilms. These microbiological deposits retard
water flow, decrease heat transfer efficiency, and increase
corrosion rates. Glutaraldehyde has shown efficacy against
biofilms in a variety of cooling water systems. Field and
laboratory examples are presented to provide an understanding of
the factors that influence the microbiological efficacy of
glutaraldehyde, as well as its ability to react with and remove
attached biofilms.
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A Novel Polymeric Material For Use in Minimizing Calcium Phosphate Fouling in Industrial Cooling Water Systems (TP-87-07)
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Robert W. Zuhl, Zahid Amjad & William F. Masler, III, The BF Goodrich Company
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1987
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Abstract:
Environmental concerns and government regulations facing the
cooling water treatment (CWT) industry have spurred a trend away
from chromate-based programs. Polymers are used as components of
phosphate-based CWT programs 1) to maintain adequate phosphate
concentrations in solution to inhibit corrosion and 2) to
prevent fouling. Industry trends and the use of polymers in
phosphate-based CWT programs are reviewed. The performance
properties of several calcium phosphate inhibitors have been
examined and compared with those of new polymeric material.
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New Application Technology For Controlling Algal Fouling in Recirculating Cooling Water Systems (TP-88-15)
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A.L. Smith, R.A. Muia & M.O. Clancy, Calgon Corporation
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1988
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Abstract:
This paper presents laboratory and field data that describes the
very successful application of a new microbiocide for control
and removal of persistent and heavy algal growths. Algae control
was achieved with the use of Microbiocide H-640 as a supplement
to an ongoing oxidizing microbiocide program. This unique
product resulted in lower overall dosages of microbiocide with
more effectiveness and longer lasting results.
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Film Fill Fouling in Counterflow Cooling Towers: Mechanism and Design
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Kenneth P. Mortensen & Stephen N. Conley, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
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1994
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Abstract:
Counterflow Film Fill Media was tested in a laboratory created
environment that encouraged rapid fouling, allowed comparison of
product features and application variables on an equal basis.
The laboratory fouling mechanism mimicked field reports of
problems and allowed testing without risk to end user equipment.
Several important water chemistry parameters were also defined
via this testing. Substantial enhancement of fill geometry for
fouling environments was documented and lab tests were
correlated with substantial field experience for identical
products. Finally, the relationship of relative fouling load to
thermal performance is investigated.
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Fouling of Film Forming Cooling Tower Fills - A Mechanistic Approach
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J.S. Gill, M.A. Yorke, R.M. Donlan & D.L. Gibbon, Calgon Corp.
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1994
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Abstract:
Fouling of high efficiency film forming cooling tower fill is a
major water problem facing the industry, especially the utility
industry. The paper focuses on the three main processes
responsible for fouling honey-comb PVC fill - water borne, e.g.
silt, clay or other suspended solids; water formed, e.g.
sparingly soluble minerals; and biological. Fouling mechanism is
studied by examining the relationship of microorganism, extra
cellular polymer, clay particles, and precipitates in the
fouling process using laboratory and pilot cooling towers
containing Munters Fill. The conclusions are verified with field
data.
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Optical Monitor for Improved Fouling Control in Cooling Systems
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R.L. Wetegrove, R.H. Banks, M.R. Hermiller, Nalco Chemical Company
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1996
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Abstract:
Control of soft deposits in cooling systems is an important
objective of water treatment programs. Traditional ways of
monitoring include measuring suspended solids, counting
planktonic microorganisms, and surface fouling methods involving
coupons, pressure drop, and heat transfer resistance. In this
paper we describe a simple, on-line, optical technique of
continuous monitoring of surface fouling. This automated
instrument records fouling data and has the advantages of alarm
and product feed control capability; with a serial computer
interface. Results from extensive field trials have demonstrated
excellent correlations with standard monitoring methods and
treatment levels.
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Fill Fouling in Counterflow Cooling Towers: Experimental & Field
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Kenneth P. Mortensen, P.E., Stephen N. Conley, Marley Cooling Tower Company
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1998
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Abstract:
Accelerated equal basis lab testing is used for comparative
fouling tests on second-generation Low-Clog fills, optimizing
their thermal/low-fouling capabilities for a specific cooling
duty/water condition. Fill selection guidelines are given. Tower
application experience, including petrochemical, sugar, paper,
geothermal power, and conventional power (surface and salt water
cooled). Is reviewed for first generation low-fouling designs.
Cleaning methods for high-performance film fills are discussed.
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An Innovative Biodetergent for Fouling Control
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F. Philip Yu, Mike G. Groshans, Nalco Chemical Company &
Yu-Mei Lu, A.S. Huang, Taiwan Nalco Chemical Co., Ltd
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2001
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Abstract:
Biofouling control has always been a difficult task for cooling tower
treatment programs. The growth of biofilm can aggravated mineral
scaling and the deposition of corrosion products. Unchecked biofouling
can lead to shut down cooling water operations and created potential
human exposure hazards. This paper describes the application of an
innovative biodetergent technology to complement conventional biocide
programs for fouling control. Two case studies are reported on cooling
towers in a utility and a petrochemical plant. The biodetergent
treatment helped recover cooling tower performance, cleaned up algal
masses and reduced biofilms in the cooling systems.
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High Efficiency 0.5 Micron Sand Filtraton
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Bryan Hayward, Diamond Filtration Inc.
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2001
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Abstract:
A discussion of applications of high efficiency filtration on cooling tower
water, process water, and RO makeup. Case studies with particle analysis results,
energy efficiency studies, etc. Discussion of effects of high efficiency filtration on bacteria,
bio-film, corrosion, tower fill fouling and SDI.
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Anatomy of Enhanced Heat Exchanger Tubing.
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Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc. and Mark A. Lisin, Lisin Metallurgical Services
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2002
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Abstract:
Conservation of mass and energy are widely accepted as
fundamental laws of classic science. During the last quarter of
the Twentieth Century, these same precepts became business
mandates. Surface condenser manufacturers mutated traditional
straight heat exchanger tubes under these mandates to enhanced
species. Heat exchangers equipped with enhanced tubes are often
claimed to conserve energy by 20-35%. Their work examines some
typical examples of commercial enhanced tubing and discusses
some of the shortcomings observed when enhanced heat exchanger
tubing is removed from service.
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Designed to Fail (Heat Exchanger Designs that Lead to Failure).
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T.J. Tvedt, Jr., Puckorius & Associates, Inc.
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2002
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Abstract:
Root cause investigations of failures in heat exchangers that
are used in cooling water service often reveal that design
conditions were a major contributor to the failure. This paper
will review several of the most commonly encountered design
problems and show how they inevitably lead to severe corrosion
and/or fouling. Examples will be used to illustrate design
failures. Guidelines will be suggested on heat exchanger design
methods to minimize the potential for future failures.
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Anionic Compatible Quat?
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Philip Sweeny, LONZA, Inc.
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2007
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Abstract:
Sunlight exposed cooling towers can develop significant algae-related
fouling problems. The presence of these algal mats or stringers
clearly shows that the cooling water program is out of control. In
addition this fouling will often block the tower fill causing reduced
efficacy.
The use of oxidizing for algae control is fairly ineffective
when used at normally encountered dosages. Most general purpose
biocide is really designed for bacterial slime control rather than
algae. Thus the use of supplemental algaecides is often required.
This paper shows that excellent algaecidal efficacy of certain types of
quaternaries can be achieved while reducing the foaming and anionic
interactions that have haunted quats in cooling water system
applications. Bardac LF [DiOctylDiMethylAmmonium Chloride] was
developed to dramatically improve algae control in cooling systems
using conventional corrosion and deposit chemical programs.
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