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Fills
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Cellular Cooling Tower Fill (TP-32A)
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George Meek, The Munters Corporation
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1967
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Abstract:
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Condition of Preservative Treated Cooling Tower Slats After 10-Year Service (TP-96A)
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Lee R. Gjovik, B. Alan Bendtsen & H.G. Roth, Forest Products Laboratory
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1972
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Abstract:
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Seismic Evaluation of Spaced Tile Fill (TP-275A)
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Richard White, P.E., Ceramic Cooling Tower Company
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1983
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Abstract:
A credible seismic evaluation of any cooling tower fill material
is a marriage between analytical and experimental techniques.
This paper discusses the seismic evaluation of the spaced tile
fill in the condenser water-cooling towers for the Intermountain
Power Project (IPP) located in Delta, Utah. Using the results of
the IPP investigation guidelines were generated for the seismic
evaluation of spaced tile fill in cooling tower located in both
the eastern and western United States.
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Evolution of Cooling Tower Fill (TP-84-03)
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Gary R. Mirsky, Custodis-Hamon Constructors, Inc. and J. Bauthier, Hamon-Sobelco,
S.A.
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1984
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Abstract:
Discusses the state-of-the-art and history of the development of
fill in counterflow and crossflow cooling towers. The paper will
cover application principles, economics, and test methodology
used to assure accurate performance predictions. The scope of
the paper will address designs used worldwide for both power and
industrial projects and address such issues as the various
materials used, splash cooling designs, and film cooling
designs.
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Plastic for Splash Fill and Drift Eliminators (TP-84-17)
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Keith A. Sharf, Doron Plastics Co.
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1984
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Abstract:
This paper will cover advantages and disadvantages of plastics
now used in cooling towers, such as PVC, CPVC, PP, and ABS. This
will include present costs and trends, physical characteristics,
resistance to chemicals and to environment. It will also cover
flame spread ratings. Within the PVC family it will discuss
regrinds, different plasticizers, and different compound
deflection temperatures.
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Comparative Efaluation of Counterflow Cooling Tower Fills (TP-88-05)
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Robert D. Fulkerson, Cooling Tower Technology
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1988
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Abstract:
This paper will discuss the testing and development of heat
transfer and pressure drop data for several commonly used
counterflow fill materials. The paper will also cover the use of
this data in connection with the CTI Blue Book to rate towers
and evaluate bids on proposed towers.
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The Usage of Fiber Cement as a Film Type Fill Media in Evaporative Cooling Towers (TP-88-09)
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John W. Cooper, Jr., Heinz Treuberg & Dr. Heiko Klauss, Toschi USA, Inc.
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1988
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Abstract:
This paper provides a chronology of the use of fiber cement as a
film-type fill media in evaporative cooling towers. Three
decades of worldwide experience with asbestos-cement fill
systems are reviewed. Topics of discussion include design
variations, durability, and thermal performance aspects of the
various fiber-cement fill-system designs. Economic and
regulatory forces behind the continued large-scale usage of
asbestos-free fiber-cement fill sytems in West Germany's cooling
towers are explored.
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Determination of the Turbulent Lewis Number From Experimental Data for Wet Cooling Tower Fill (TP-90-07)
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Dudley J. Benton, Tennessee Valley Authority
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1990
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Abstract:
Some of the difficulties and anomalies encountered when
computing separate heat and mass transfer coefficients from wet
cooling tower fill test data are presented. The Lewis analogy,
which has historically been used to relate the sensible and
evaporative transfers, is examined in light of this data.
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Film Fill Recent Research and Application Data (TP-90-11)
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Gary R. Mirsky, Hamon Cooling Towers and Michel Monjoie, Hamon-Sobelco, S.A.
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1990
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Abstract:
This paper focuses specifically on historical and application
data regarding film fill. Topics covered will include historical
background, recent design developments, thermal design
comparison, comparison of dead load capacity vs. sheet
thickness, resistance to clogging analysis, suitability of
designs in various types of cooling towers and typical
manufacturing QA/QC procedures.
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Evaluation of Plastic Fill For High Temperature Service (TP-91-03)
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Steven C. Blue, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Martin Marietta Energy Systems,
Inc.
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1991
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Abstract:
The creep resistances of plastic cellular fill for service above
140°F was investigated by tests of product forms and
laboratory material tests. The behavior of fill can be predicted
from the results of short-term laboratory tests.
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Cooling Tower Film Fill Water Quality/Operations Guidelines For Successful Utilization (TP-92-06)
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James G. Kanuth & Paul R. Puckorius, Puckorius & Associates, Inc.
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1992
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Abstract:
Film pack use has expanded greatly for both new and up-graded
cooling towers. To successfully maintain fill efficiency and to
minimize deposit accumulation the water quality, water treatment
and tower operation must all be addressed. This paper presents a
number of case histories in utilities, petroleum, chemical and
HVAC cooling systems. Guidelines are given for trouble-free pack
fill performance and "cleaning-up" fouled fill.
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Cleaning and Maintenance of Film Fill at Florida Power Corporation (TP-92-09)
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David Pearson & Jim Witherow Florida Power Corporation and Barbara McClung,
Calgon Corporation
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1992
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Abstract:
With wider use of highly efficient film and increasing interest
in water conservation many cooling towers are experiencing
plugging associated with the concentration of suspended solids
from the make-up water. This plugging can reduce tower
performance and in some utilities has necessitated load
reduction. A reduction of plugging and maintenance of fill
cleanliness has been achieved using low levels of polymeric
dispersant. Product application, monitoring and performance
evaluation are discussed.
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Research of Fouling Film Fill (TP-93-06)
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Michel Monjoie, Hamon-Sobelco, S.A., Russell Noble, Southern Company Services, Gary
R. Mirsky, Hamon Cooling Tower
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1993
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Abstract:
Hamon and Southern Services have been conducting a variety of
fouling tests on many different film fills available
commercially worldwide. These tests have been ongoing for
several years on sidestreams and actual cooling tower
applications. The results of weight gain, pressure increase, and
efficiency changes will be presented.
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Influence of Fill Type and Flow Orientation on the Lewis Number (TP-93-08)
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Dudley J. Benton, TVA Engineering Laboratory
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1993
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Abstract:
As a follow-up to previous analysis of counterflow film and
crossflow splash fill, the Lewis number is determined from
experimental data for counterflow splash and crossflow film
fill. The relative influence of fill type (film/splash) and flow
orientation (counter/crossflow) on the Lewis number is examined
in light of this more complete data set.
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Innovative Application of Film Fill in Large Industrial Crossflow Cooling Towers
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David Suptic, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
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1995
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Abstract:
This paper documents thermal performance improvements in large
industrial crossflow cooling towers through the innovative
application of film fill. Includes discussion of new crossflow
tower design that delivers film fill performance previously
available only in large industrial counterflow cooling towers.
The paper highlights the successful replacement of a large
splash bar fill crossflow tower with a new film fill crossflow
tower at a midwestern power plant. Benefits of increased
capacity, lower near field sound level, and elimination of
falling water splash out are also identified.
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NPF Cooling Tower Fill - Its Development and Demonstration
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E. Hobson, & T.H. Massey, National Power Plc, Paul Lindahl, The Marley Cooling
Tower Co.
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1995
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Abstract:
The development of NPF, a cooling tower fill, is described. This
has low fouling characteristics whilst retaining thermal
performance. NPF consists of PVC sheets bounded together into
blocks. The sheets have triangular primary corrugation. Each
sheet also has small-scale secondary ridges. The first
installation has recently taken place in a 300MW cooling tower
at Didcot Power Station, England. This demonstration
installation and improvements achieved over the packing
previously installed in that tower will be described.
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Fill Fouling Control in Cooling Towers
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F. Philip Yu, Anthony W. Dallmier, William F. McCoy, Nalco Chemical Company
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1998
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Abstract:
The introduction of high efficiency film fill has significantly
increased cooling tower performance. However, film fill is more
susceptible to fouling than conventional splash fill. This paper
discusses two power plants which both have a long history of
fouling problems using film fill despite various biocide
treatment programs. With the implementation of combined
biocide/biodispersant treatments, effective fill fouling control
is achieved. Significant reductions in film fill deposits were
observed in both power plants. In addition, one cooling tower
also gained significant thermal performance (expresses as %
capability) shortly after the treatment started.
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A Comparison of Crossflow Cooling Tower Splash-Type Fills
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Robert Fulkerson, Fulkerson Enterprises
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1999
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Abstract:
This paper will describe the testing of twenty commonly used
crossflow fill configurations. It will present the mathematical
procedure used to analyze the data, and it will give a procedure
to be used to compare the relative performance of the fills.
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Design Features and their Affect on High Performance Fill
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Rich Aull & Tim Krell, Brentwood Industries, Inc.
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2000
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Abstract:
In the design of a high performance cooling tower fill, many
design features must be considered to produce optimum
performance. This paper will show laboratory test data and
detail the effect on fill performance of the following items;
Flute geometry (cross-corrugated, offset-tube, vertical tube),
Cross-corrugated flute angle, Sheet pitch (19mm vs. 20mm vs.
17mm vs. 12mm), Microstructure (course, fine, none), Material
(PVC & polypropylene), Module depth (12' layers vs. 24"
layers vs. 48" layers), Tip design (Alternate tips vs. straight
tips).
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Low Clog Film Fill - New Approaches
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Kenneth P. Mortensen, Marley Cooling Tower Company &
Stephen N. Conley, Marley Cooling Tower Company, Development Ctr
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2001
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Abstract:
Low clog fill configurations have been dominated by vertical tube geometrics since these
products were first offered. Other significant geometrics have now been lab tested and
field evaluated with outstanding results. Better economy, with proper thermal performance,
and good fouling protection are the evident results of this testing. These possibilities
are discussed with illustrative pictures and data presented.
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Recycling Contaminated and Fouled PVC Fill
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Michel Monjoie, Serge Vigier, Hamon Thermal Europe
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2001
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Abstract:
The fill of several large nuclear natural drift cooling tower in
France were severely fouled and contaminated with bacterium. The
fill removed during the repack is treated in a transportable facility
located on site close to the cooling tower. In the facility, the fill is cut
in small parts, the mud and the scaling is separated from the PVC. The collected
mud and scaling are treated to kill all bacterium. It can be recycled in a cement
factory as example. The PVC is also treated to obtain the output of the facility
clean PVC ready for recycling.
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Guidelines for Selecting the Proper Film Fill
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Donald Zelek, Brentwood Industries
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2006
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Abstract:
For many years PVC film fills have been the most popular choice of
heat transfer media for use in cooling towers. Throughout this
history, design features of these fills have continued to evolve from
the first cross corrugated products through vertically fluted fills to
today's popular combination designs. Some of these features are
not obvious to the casual observer and if not chosen correctly can
adversely affect tower performance, product cost, lifespan, or ease of
installation. This paper traces the history of these fill designs
while providing guidelines as to the proper fill selection.
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High Performance Ceramic Fill
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Peter Fay, Consultant and Ann Engh, Sandkuhl Clay Works, Inc.
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2006
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Abstract:
The cooling tower industry has long sought without success to find the
ideal fill. Such a fill would have high performance, low fouling
tendency, durability, non-flammability, elevated temperature
capability, non-hazardous environmental characteristics, freeze-thaw
capability and good economics.
Traditional cellular ceramic fill blocks provide many of the above
attributes with the high performance criterion being the one glaring
exception. A vertical flow ceramic film type fill that meets all the
attributes set out above is now available to the industry and is
discussed in the paper.
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A Performance Comparison of Counterflow Reduced Fouling Fills
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Toby L. Daley, P.E., T Daley & Associates, Inc.
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2006
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Abstract:
This paper will present the recent testing results of counterflow film
and splash type reduced fouling fill configurations. It will present a
comparison of the relative performance of the fills. This recent
testing program provides a today's performance perspective of the
most commonly used fills of this type.
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Design and Operation of a Counterflow Fill and Nozzle Test Cell: Challenges and Solutions
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Jean-Pierre R. Libert - EvapTech, Inc.
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2007
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Abstract:
While factory-assembled cooling towers are compact enough to be tested
and certified in environmental test chambers, field-erected towers can
only be tested on-site once built. In order to rate them beforehand,
their components must be tested individually in test cells designed to
that effect. The size of the test cells, their configuration,
operation and the instrumentation used to capture the fundamental
thermodynamic data require money, time and good engineering skills to
be able to acquire meaningful and useful data.
Only a handful of
cooling tower manufacturers and equipment suppliers worldwide own and
operate one or several fill test cells. In recent years several
consultants have presented the results of their research on cooling
tower fills to the CTI membership. While their work was technically
excellent and informative, the raw data and the methodology of data
analysis were no divulged to the public, leaving the use of the final
data subject to interpretation.
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A Novel Approach to Design Compact Mass Transfer Packing for Maximum Efficiency
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Dr. Hamid Reza Goshayshi, Azad University
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2009
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Abstract:
The optimum heat and mass transfer area at which minimum cost exists throughout the technical life of forced draft counter cooling tower is studied in the present work. Original formula are developed and presented for the best thermoeconomical performance as a design point. Also in this paper an investigation is made using measurements of the mass transfer rates and pressure drops for a comprehensive range of PVC plastic packing producing an economic comparison to find the best geometry and range. In order to do this, heat transfer and pressure drop for turbulent conditions in fills used in the modern cooling tower have to be studied. A new method of comparison for existing cooling tower fills has been developed and the performance of the best packing has been expressed in relation to the ideal packing.
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Flame Retardance of Polymer Film Fills
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Dr. Nina Woicke, GEA 2H KUnststoff GmbH
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2009
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Abstract:
While PVC is long known as a flame retardant polymer, other plastics have the reputation of high flammability. Whereas this is true for standard polyolefin materials, modern polypropylene products with high efficient flame retardant additives can even beat the good fire properties of normal PVC.
In this study film fills for cooling towers made of PVC and of a flame retardant PP are tested by several different methods and international standards to evaluate the actual performance of these two materials.
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