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Environmental Impact
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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The Relationship of Cooling Tower Operation to Pollution Control (TP-26A)
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M.C. Forbes, Aquatrol, Inc.
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1967
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Abstract:
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Review of Thermal Pollution Problems, Standards and Controls at the State Government Level (TP-41A)
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William S. Crumlish, P.E., Spkr-Texas Water Quality Board
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1968
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Abstract:
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The Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the Senate Committee on Public Works (TP-42A)
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Tor Kolflat, Sargent and Lundy
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1968
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Abstract:
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Monitoring and Control of Industrial Air and Water (TP-43A)
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K.D. Ripley, Dow Chemical Co.
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1968
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Abstract:
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An Economic and Engineering Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Renovation (TP-50A)
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J.W. Porter, A.N. Hopkins & W.L. Fisher, Bechtel Corporation
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1968
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Abstract:
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Thermal Pollution: A Survey of Cause and Effect (TP-61A)
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Michael C. Noland, Midwest Research Institute
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1969
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Abstract:
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Concept of Environmental Planning and Design (TP-71A)
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Ashley Martin, Babbitt-Martin & Associates, Inc.
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1969
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Abstract:
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Environmental Aspects of Cooling Tower Plumes (TP-78A)
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Eric Aynsley, IIT Research Institute
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1970
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Abstract:
This paper outlines the air pollution aspects of water cooling towers
in relation to the future trends, especially in the power generating
industry. It will also include mention of the possible inadvertent
weather modification effects associated with larger units such as
natural draft hyperbolic towers.
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Trends in Thermal Pollution Control Requirements(TP-81A)
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J.I. Bregman, Water Pollution Research and Applications, Inc.
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1970
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Abstract:
The guidelines of equal treatment for various beneficial uses would
appear to be simple, but they generally have not been followed. When
the water quality standards-setting exercises began, the states tended
to set standards that favored existing uses, and particularly
industry. The propagation of fish and wildlife was a secondary factor.
Today, the pendulum has swung completely in the other direction. One
often gets the impression that the propagation of fish and wildlife is
the sole purpose of the water quality standards. Standards are being
proposed, primarily by the Federal Government to the states that would
turn our rivers into gigantic fisheries and close down the industries
on their banks. Neither the earlier approach nor the present one is
correct. The pendulum must come back to the middle of the arc. In
almost any event, regardless of whether the pendulum is at one end or
the other, or back in the middle where it belongs, the cooling tower
industry is going to boom as a result of the imposition of temperature
standards.
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Cooling Towers, The Environment and the Future (TP-88A)
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Eric Aynsley, IIT Research Institute
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1970
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Abstract:
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Thermal Criteria - A Measure to Control Thermal Pollution (TP-77A)
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Satyendra P. Mathur & Donald B. Stevens, NY Dept. of Health
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1970
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Abstract:
The Governor's Electric Power Committee has forecasted an increase
in power requirements form 13,000,000 KW in 1965 to 22,000,000 KW in
1975 and to 48,000,000 KW in 1990. The major power companies in New
York State have firm plans to add 7,440,000 KW by 1973, over 70% of
which will be nuclear plants. As a result of the Federal Water Quality
Act, 1965, the Water Resources Commission of New York State developed,
and after considerable deliberation, adopted Thermal Criteria on July
25, 1969. According to the thermal criteria, the waters of the state
are classified as: Non-trout water; Trout waters; Lakes, Estuaries and
Coastal Waters. There are different temperature criterions for each of
the five classifications of water. These criteria are used, as
guidelines and the actual criterion will be determined on site-by-site
basis to protect the "best usage" assigned to the receiving
waters.
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Thermal Discharges: Their Role in the Environment (TP-105A)
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Carl E. Knapp Lewicke, Environmental Science & Tech. An American Chemical
Society Publications
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1971
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Abstract:
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Water Pollution Abatement Brings New Ideas to the Cleaning Water Industry (TP-101A)
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Allan L. Farber, Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
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1972
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Abstract:
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The Preparation of a Master List of Chemicals Used in Cooling Towers for Use in Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement (TP-114A)
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Robert H. Rainey, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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1973
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Abstract:
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Programmatic Descriptic Description for Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Abatement at the Y-12 Plant (TP-135A)
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Merwyn Sanders, Union Carbide Corporation
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1975
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Abstract:
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Environmental Considerations in Cooling Tower Treatment (TP-136A)
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Art F. Brunn, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company
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1975
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Abstract:
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Case Study of the Environmental Effects of the Chalk Point Natural Draft Cooling Tower (TP-143A)
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Thomas B. Carlson & Frederick M. Shofner, Environmental Systems Corp. and Jerry
Pell, State of Maryland
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1975
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Abstract:
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Industry - Living with EPA Regulations Promulgated to Meet the FWPCA Amendments of 1972 (TP-134A)
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Jay G.Weidman, Betz Laboratories
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1975
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Abstract:
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Environmental Impace of Chemicals Washed From Preservative-Treated Wood (TP-147A)
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J.R. DeMonbrun, Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Union Carbide Corporation
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1976
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Abstract:
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Interception and Retention of Cooling Tower Drift on Vegetation (TP-151A)
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F.G. Taylor, Jr., D.D. Gray & P.D. Parr, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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1976
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Abstract:
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A Pilot Study to Detect Vegetation Stress Around a Cooling Tower (TP-210A)
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Suresh B. Pahwa & Brent L. Shipley, Intera Environmental Consultants, Inc.
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1979
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Abstract:
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A Summary of Federal and State Requirements for Commercial Applicators of Pesticides (TP-214B)
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D.L. Wilbur, The Mogul Corp.
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1979
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Abstract:
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Toxicology of Cooling Water Treatment Chemicals (TP-207A)
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Florence K. Kinoshita, Hercules Inc.
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1979
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Abstract:
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Cooling Tower Asbestos Abatement or Close Encounters with EPA, OSHA, ET AL (TP-88-10)
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Robert Burger, Burger and Associates, Inc.
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1988
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Abstract:
EPA and OSHA have promulgated rules and regulations for
protecting our environment and people living and working under
hazardous conditions. References are made to toxic substances
such as PCB's, acids, chemicals and asbestos, etc. While we in
the cooling tower industry realize the use of asbestos is not
particularly dangerous, the regulations make no provision for
this and to comply with all statues, apparently over-kill must
be utilized. However, it behooves contractors and owners of
asbestos materials not to test or evade the laws. The
presentation covers an overview of the cause of asbestosis with
the environmental and work condition regulations imposed by the
government. Slides will show how these protective measures are
carried out on the job site together with the necessary
generation of paperwork complied by the Industrial Hygienist at
the workplace, which is filed for 30 years, with a copy to the
customer and contractor for protection against possible lawsuits
by workers. Action by governmental agencies guidelines,
safeguards and procedures are delineated.
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Comparison of Cooling Tower Mineral Mass Emmissions by Isokinetic EPA Method 13A and Heated Cascade Impactor Tests (TP-91-12)
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Gordon Israelson, P.E., Westinghouse Electric Corp. and Nicholas M. Stich &
Thomas E. Weast, P.E., Midwest Research Institute
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1991
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Abstract:
Separate isokinetic EPA Method 13A and heated impactor tests of
one cell of each of three (3) cooling towers in an industrial
facility were performed during November 1989. The purpose of the
EPA 13A test was to measure the total rate of mineral mass
emissions. The heated cascade impactor isokinetic tests were
performed to characterize the size of the mineral particulate
emissions less than 10 micron in diameter (PM) after the water
had evaporated from the drift droplets. Passing the wet sample
through stream through a heated quartz tube to dry the drift
droplets followed by separating the particles by size using an
Anderson Mark III stack sampler performed the particle size
characterization. The tests were performed within days of each
other under similar operating and environmental conditions. The
tests were performed within days of each other under similar
operating and environmental conditions. The tests were redundant
in terms of measuring the total mineral emission sand resulted
in similar measurements of the total mineral emission sand
resulted in similar measurements of the total mineral mass
emission rate. The emissions rate measured by the EPA Method 13A
averaged 102.6% of the rate measured by the heated cascade
impactor isokinetic tests.
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The Latest Worldwide Technology in Environmentally Designed Cooling Towers (TP-92-02)
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Gary R. Mirsky, Jean-Pierre Libert, & Kathy Bryant, Hamon Cooling Towers and
Franz Bouton, Hamon Sobelco, S.A.
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1992
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Abstract:
Many cooling tower designs now require special consideration to
reduce their impact on the environment and facilitate site
permitting. Unique designs will be discussed including: low
noise applications; injection of scrubbed flue gas into natural
draft cooling towers; drift requirements as low as .0001%; new
EPA testing methods, environmentally critical thermal
performance; removal; redesign and replacement of asbestos
products with alternate materials; water conservation; zero
discharge towers and elimination of plume through the use of a
wet/dry cooling tower.
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Molybdate Use in Cooling Towers: Impact of the New EPA Sludge Rule and Alternative Approaches
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Brian Lee & Brian Vaska, Drew Industrial Division
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1994
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Abstract:
Sodium molybdate is widely used as a corrosion inhibitor in
recirculating cooling water systems. Molybdate exhibits
comparatively low aquatic toxicity and was therefore apart of
the EPA's rationale for limiting chromate use in comfort cooling
towers. The EPA's recent final ruling on molybdenum in sludge
(40CFR, 503.13, 2/19/93) is unnecessarily stringent and in
conflict with previous EPA rulings. This paper will examine
specific concerns over molybdate discharge, the EPA's
justification for these new limits and future prospects for the
use of molybdate as well as end-user impact.
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Atmospheric Emissions from Evaporative Cooling Towers
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Wayne Micheletti, Wayne C. Micheletti, Inc.
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2005
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Abstract:
Evaporative cooling systems are common elements in many industrial
processes, ranged from manufacturing to power production to refining.
Because these systems can use large amounts of water, discussions of
potential environmental issues usually focus on water intake or
wastewater discharge concerns. However, atmospheric emissions from
cooling towers can also be important considerations. This paper
reviews the major environmental regulations governing atmospheric
emissions from cooling towers and examines some of the ways in which
associated permit limits might influence cooling tower design and
operation.
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