|
Energy Evaluation
|
|
Order Number
|
Title
|
Author
|
Date
|
|
|
The Manufacturer and Energy-Efficient Cooling Towers (TP-228A)
|
Kathleen M. Hunt-Atwater B.A.C. Pritchard, Inc.
|
1981
|
|
Abstract:
A review of design considerations for mechanical draft cooling
towers, with emphasis on those areas affecting energy
consumption.
|
|
|
How To Minimize Energy Consumption With Variable-Speed Fan Control (TP-236A)
|
Robert W. Corey, Emerson Electric Co., and John C. Campbell, Lilie Hoffmann Cooling
Towers, Inc.
|
1981
|
|
Abstract:
Adjustable frequency as a means of varying the speed of cooling
tower fans is a way to optimize cooling tower energy
consumption.
|
|
|
Cold Water, Pumping Head and Energy Conservation (TP-85-04)
|
Robert Burger, Burger Associates, Inc.
|
1985
|
|
Abstract:
Energy conservation strategies in cooling towers involve more
than a cursory examination of fan horsepower consumption. The
optimization of cold water and analysis of pumping head can
provide vast savings potential. The most important utilization
of cooling tower water is the answer to the question, "What is
the dollar value of 1°F colder water in your process?" and
"What is the dollar cost of pumping water to the distribution
system?" State-of-the-art retrofit will be discussed, pumping
head reduction methodology investigated, and modern high heat
transfer procedures illustrated with actual hands-on field
examples.
|
|
|
A System Efficient Approach to Cooling Tower Energy Modifications (TP-85-18)
|
Greg M. Kelly, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
|
1985
|
|
Abstract:
The paper will discuss several modifications that can be made to
existing crossflow and counterflow towers to enhance overall
energy savings. The author will demonstrate the advantages of
several modification choices from an optimized cost efficiency
standpoint. Several typical examples will be presented along
with appropriate charts and graphs to clarify proper
application.
|
|
|
Counterflow Cooling Tower Design With High Energy Evaluations (TP-87-04)
|
Paul Lindahl, Jr. & Thomas Bugler, III, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
|
1987
|
|
Abstract:
High operating evaluations for cooling towers have led to new
counterflow designs and changes in typical operating parameters.
Experience has taught that such changes require detailed
analysis. Extensive modeling and full-scale studies have defined
limits for several parameters beyond which predictability of
performance can suffer seriously. Precisely the economically
optimum operating areas are affected. Evaluated price difference
can be quite large between appropriately limited selections and
optimum selections without regard to limits. Such differences
have been demonstrated for both natural and mechanical draft.
The largest potential impact occurs when difficult design
conditions aggravate trends towards limits for natural draft.
|
|
|
Strategies For Improved Cooling Tower Economy (TP-91-10)
|
Steve Adams, Ecodyne Cooling Tower Services, and John Stevens, Film Cooling Towers
|
1991
|
|
Abstract:
With today's trend towards minimum energy it is necessary for
designers to continually reassess both operational requirements
and design parameters specified. To reduce energy consumption
nearer to design at other than design wet-bulb conditions, the
specifications of variable speed motors must be considered, i.e.
full speed and two-thirds full speed.
|
|
|
Variable Speed Fan Drives for Cooling Towers
|
William F. Immell, The Marley Cooling Tower Company
|
1996
|
|
Abstract:
The competitive nature of business today, coupled with
incentives by utility companies is encouraging users to conserve
energy by varying the speed of cooling tower fans in place of
more traditional across the line cycling. There are several
options available to exploit the benefits of the relationship
between fan speed, cooling tower performance and fan horsepower.
Variable frequency drives (VFD) are becoming the most popular
alternative for controlling tower capacity by varying the fan
speed, especially considering the technological advances in
VFD's during the last two decades. A challenge in successful
operation of cooling towers today with VFD's revolves more
around proper application than technological limitations in the
equipment. A concise discussion of the do's and don'ts of VFD's
will be presented.
|
|
|
Developing the Worth of Colder Water in a Steam Turbine Generating Station
|
Thomas H. Hamilton, P.E. Consulting Engineer
|
2000
|
|
Abstract:
Author uses Turbine-Generator manufacturer's typical Heat Rate
Curve, Condenser Design Condition and Heat Exchanger Institute
Correction Factors for Water Temperature correction to Heat
Transfer Coefficient, annual hourly distribution of wet bulb
temperatures, and the effect of wet bulb on cooling tower cold
water temperature to show the effect cold water temperature has
on annual plant mega watt hour output of a Steam Turbine
Electric Generating Station. Paper includes calculation
procedures, tables and curves that should be developed, and
sample energy value to obtain the capital worth of colder water.
|
|
|
Cooling Towers and VFD's
|
Rick Foree, Danfoss Drives
|
2001
|
|
Abstract:
Brief description of a variable frequency (PWM) drive. A
discussion on the mechanical and electrical advantages, including the
energy savings and payback advantages. Power quality issues as it
relates to VFD's with reference to a study by EPRI in 1996. Proper
wiring methods for power and control wiring, as it relates in the U.S.
and foreign countries utilizing CE guidelines.
|
|
|
Variable Frequency Drives: Operation and Application with Evaporative Cooling Equipment
|
Benjamin Cohen, Baltimore Aircoil Company
|
2007
|
|
Abstract:
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) have become the preferred method of
capacity control for evaporative cooling equipment, including cooling
towers, fluid coolers, and evaporative condensers. By precisely
matching fan motor speeds to the required building heat rejection,
VFDs can significantly reduce energy consumption and operating costs
of the entire system while providing operational benefits to the
owner. This paper will explore the benefits of VFD operation while
providing guidelines on proper application.
|
|
|
Evaluating Your Cooling Tower
|
Richard DesJardins, DesJardins Consulting
|
2008
|
Abstract:
Low life cost may not be the best method for selecting a cooling tower. Power consumption for pumps and fans, the cost of the basin, piping and electrical equipment, and the choice of tower layout should often be deciding factors. Optimization of tower design conditions related to other equipment such as heat exchangers, condensers or other equipment is discussed.
The paper evaluates options of present worth value, annual cost and capitalized costs of revenue streams, projected life span, return on investment, depreciation, taxes, general administrative expenses, and insurance requirements and provides comments on the proper choice of decision making formulae.
|
View Cart
Site Search