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Cooling Tower Water Treatment Programs
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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New, Non-Chromate Synthetic-Organic Corrosion Inhibitor for Cooling Water Systems (TP-58A)
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C.M. Hwa, Dearborn Chemical Division
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1968
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Abstract:
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New Advances in Organic Cooling Water Programs (TP-100A)
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Ernest Q. Petrey, Drew Chemical Corporation
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1972
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Abstract:
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Effective Phosphate/Phosphonate Treatments Replace Chromate-Based Programs (TP-117A)
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William L. Harpel & John M. Donohue, Betz Laboratories, Inc.
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1973
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Abstract:
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A Breakdown in Cooling Tower Water Technology Dianodic II (TP-229A)
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R.H. Gailey, R.C. May & G.W. Delaney, Betz Laboratories, Inc.
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1981
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Abstract:
Laboratory and field data show the ability of this treatment to
with stand system upsets such as acid spills and loss of
dispersant feed.
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A Cooling Tower Pilot Plant for Evaluating Non-Chromate Water x Treatment Programs (TP-84-14)
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Carol A. Jones, Dow Chemical Corporation
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1984
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Abstract:
A highly instrumentated cooling tower pilot plant was designed
and constructed at the Dow Chemical Texas Division plant,
Freeport, Texas, for the purpose of developing operating
guidelines for fuse of various commercially available
non-chromate cooling water treatment programs. The paper will
focus on the pilot plant as an evaluation tool. A detailed
description of both the design and operation will be given.
Instrumentation and techniques, which were used to monitor
important parameters, will be emphasized. As an illustration,
the results from a molybdate based treatment program will be
reviewed.
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Cooling Water Treatment Transition Zinc-Chromate to All Organic (TP-85-03)
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James G. Kanuth, Dupont Co.& Kent Binks, Drew Chemical Corp.
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1985
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Abstract:
Describes the transition made at a major southwestern chemical
plant from zinc-chromate to an all-organic treatment program.
Information is provided on the comprehensive program that was
instituted to insure positive results. A major portion of that
program involved the use of a computerized fouling monitor.
Results of the all-organic program, including cost
differentials, are included.
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New Approaches to Monitoring The Performance And Control of Cooling Water Programs (TP-85-12)
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D.C. Helton, D.A. Johnson& G.W. Hanks, Nalco Chemical Co.
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1985
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Abstract:
A major factor in the success of failure of any cooling water
treatment program is the control and monitoring strategy used.
New monitoring techniques using computer technology have been
developed which allow monitoring both the control of cooling
tower systems and the performance of the treatment package.
These techniques allow the development of cause and effect
relationships that facilitate optimization of the treatment
program. Portable remote monitoring systems have been developed
and their use is discussed.
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Diol Technology: A Unique Non-Heavy Metal Treatment Approach (TP-86-13)
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Byrnes Kuehnle, WrightChemical Company & Mike King, Ciba-Geigy Corporation
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1986
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Abstract:
This new treatment approach provides results comparable to
traditional chromate programs over a wide variety of water
qualities and system conditions. This paper presents the results
of this treatment approach applied at Ciba-Geigy's St. Gabriel,
Louisiana Plant. Corrosion rates at the plant have been less
than 0.4 mpy on carbon steel coupons, while eliminating the
fouling previously experienced due to inorganic loading. The
program takes advantage of the synergistic protection provided
to carbon steel by diol technology without requiring the use of
organic inhibitors.
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A Chrome/Zinc-Based Cooling Water Treatment for Systems Operating Under Reducing Conditions (TP-86-19)
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Michael G. Fitzpatrick & Ronny C. Jackson, ChemTreat, Inc.
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1986
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Abstract:
Where the use of hexavalent chrome is permissible, chrome-zinc
based cooling water programs are perhaps the most cost-effective
means of treatment. Chromate and zinc however, offer only
limited protection against the pitting type corrosion associated
with iron deposition on cooling system surfaces. Under reducing
conditions the effectiveness of chrome-zinc based programs for
corrosion control is severely limited. Reducing conditions
generally require the implementation of a non-chrome contingency
program. In this paper a chromate/zinc-phosphonate organic
program is evaluated as a means of controlling general etch and
pitting type corrosion in systems frequently operated under
reducing conditions where iron deposition has been a problem.
Our evaluation of this novel approach was based on laboratory
data and on data generated in operating systems where reducing
contaminants and iron deposition have limited the effectiveness
of conventional chrome-zinc programs.
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Alkaline All-Organic Cooling Water Treatment (Field & Laboratory Development) (TP-87-07)
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D.A. Little, J.E. Waller & Chris Soule, Dearborn Division
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1987
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Abstract:
This paper describes recent experiences with newer all-organic
alkaline treatment programs. The information presented will
include both pilot scale and field generated corrosion and scale
control performance data under a variety of operating
conditions. Analytical information which assist in defining
performance and explaining results will also be presented in
order to enhance the reader's understanding of these programs.
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A Molybdate Update Effective, Economical Programs (TP-87-10)
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Philip R. Engelhardt, Keith M. Johnson & Barry A. Metz, Wright Chemical
Corporation
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1987
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Abstract:
Reviews the improvements made in treatment programs using
molybdate as the basis for inhibition. Additions of organic
additives such as Diols have made these programs equal in
effectiveness to the classic chromate programs without
sacrificing cost. The paper includes a discussion on development
of the molybdate-diol organic program and includes case history
examples of application of these programs.
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Polymer/HED Blends for Calcium Carbonate Deposit Control (TP-89-06)
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Alan Yeoman & Patrick Sullivan, Ciba-Geigy Corporation
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1989
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Abstract:
The calcium carbonate deposit control performance of
polymer/HEDP blends was compared in laboratory process
simulation. Two primary characteristics were studied: threshold
inhibition, where calcium and carbonate were maintained as
soluble species in solution, and deposit control measured as
resistance to heat transfer (fouling factor) in an
"out-of-balance" condition where complete threshold inhibitor
was not achieved. The recirculating water contained 500 ppm each
of calcium hardness and total alkalinity (both as calcium
carbonate) at either 105 or 130 degrees Fahrenheit. A
homo-polymer of maleic acid was superior to either of two
homo-polymer of acrylic acid as a co-additive with HEDP.
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Performance of Molybdates as an Alternative to Chromates (TP-89-10)
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Charles W. Smith, Ph.D., Mitco Water Laboratories, Inc.
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1989
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Abstract:
As the EPA deadline banning the use of chromates in comfort
cooling towers (CCT's) approaches, water treatment vendors such
as ourselves are seeking alternative methods to effectively
threat CCT's. Molybdates are one such alternative. This paper
will detail laboratory and field results that have been obtained
using various chromates and molybdates formulations.
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Laboratory Development of Novel Multifunctional Polymers for Cooling Water Use (TP-91-09)
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Ingrid Brase & Joseph Pasapane, National Starch and Chemical Co., & James H.
Belcher, Alco Chemical Company
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1991
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Abstract:
Over the past several years, polymer development has focused on
high performance multi-functional polymers. This paper will
focus on research efforts, which have led to a novel new
product. This sulphonated copolymer is useful over a broad range
of operating conditions; providing iron oxide solubility and
dispersion, calcium sequestration, calcium phosphate inhibitor
and silt dispersion.
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Alkaline Phosphate - A New Direction for Phosphate Cooling Water Treatment (TP-92-12)
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Christine M. Stuart & Phil Eastin, Nalco Chemical Company
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1992
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Abstract:
Stringent environmental restrictions on chromate, and now on
zinc, are forcing many plants to investigate alternative cooling
water treatment technologies. A newly developed alkaline
phosphate program operates in the same pH region as current
alkaline zinc technologies. The alkaline phosphate program has
broad calcium (80-1200 ppm as CaaCO3) and "M" alkalinity
(100-350 ppm as CaCO3) application ranges. The new program
provides excellent mild steel and yellow metal corrosion
protection while maintaining clean heat transfer surfaces.
Results from laboratory application testing and field
performance evaluations will be presented.
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Development of High Cycle Cooling Water Treatment Program
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Binu S. Khambatta, Daniel A. Meier & Michael A. Kamrath, Nalco Chemical Company
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1994
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Abstract:
Environmental restrictions and the need for water conservation
have led to the development of a new, high cycle cooling water
treatment program. Bench top and process simulation test results
will be discussed and related to field data.
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Monitoring Biological Control in Cooling Systems
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Gary G. Engstrom & Jack C. Tully, Grace Dearborn
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1994
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Abstract:
Effective microbiological control can be achieved by monitoring
microbial levels as well as actual microbiocide treatment
levels. The keys to measuring the effectiveness of any biocide
program are the ability to quickly and accurately measure the
microbiological activity in the cooling system. Measuring the
actual biocide level in the system over time can also enhance
the control of the system. This provides important information
regarding the fate of the material in the system as well as the
suitability of the biocide feed protocol selected. This paper
will illustrate how a simple, rapid bioassay and an on-line
chemical analyzer can be used to control the effectiveness of
biocides in open recirculating cooling systems permitting the
optimization of the biocide program to achieve the most cost
effective control.
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A Mechanistic Study of Corrosion Inhibition by Phosphonates
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B.J. Hepburn & P.J. Sullivan, FMC Corporation
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1994
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Abstract:
Modern all-organic corrosion control programs for cooling water
treatment are generally based on phosphonate chemistry. Recent
studies have highlighted the advantages of hydroxy phosphono
acetic acid (HPA) based formulations compared to those of other
phosphonates. Particular interests are the range of
applicability, improved corrosion control and the forgiving
nature of the programs in use. Further mechanistic investigation
has revealed the mode of action of HPA as a true corrosion
inhibitor in a range of water chemistries and application
conditions.
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Maximizing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration
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Robert J. Cunningham, Chemisis Inc.
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1995
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Abstract:
Cooling tower operators are currently confronted with a variety
of contemporary chemical treatment and chemical/physical control
processes as vendors of chemicals and equipment attempt to fill
the vacuum created by the regulatory restriction of chromate
based programs from our industrial arsenal. A number of
apparently conflicting claims currently exist regarding the
cycles of concentration that can be effectively maintained in
open recirculating cooling water systems using various
alternative control/treatment schemes with and without
pretreatment. Users have suffered poor results by following
vendor recommendations. In this paper the author discusses many
of the common control/treatment schemes and provides both a
theoretical basis for each program and practical guidelines on
their performance and imitations.
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Making the Best Choices in Water Treatment Additives
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Roy Manley, BetzDearborn, Inc.
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1998
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Abstract:
Advances in research, coupled with the demands of increasingly
stringent environmental and safety rules, promote the
development of improved chemical products. However, advances are
often met with skepticism regarding a product's effectiveness,
and claims of improved safety and environmental characteristics.
Improved products often have to overcome a certain resistance,
even f there are significant technical and environmental
advantages. In spite of discussions on regulatory rollbacks,
existing laws continue to influence the selection and use of
many water treatment products. The effectiveness of a product
may be equal to or even less important than acceptability under
environmental and safety regulations. Ideally, products should
be selected on the basis of many aspects and by consensus of
company decision-makers to assure optimum choices.
Unfortunately, users of water treatment products may choose less
than optimum products, and with inappropriate reasons, based on
perceived faults or advantages. How then can chemical products
be selected, and what are the "right" reasons? A method for
evaluating products is offered, in which new and existing
compounds can be more consistently evaluated.
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Halogen Stable Alkaline Cooling Program
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Dave Ritz and Gary Geiger
BetzDearborn Inc.
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1999
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Abstract:
This paper discusses the development and application of a new
alkaline cooling water treatment program that is completely
halogen stable. Conventional alkaline treatments utilize
phosphonate for calcium carbonate scale control and azole
(tolyltriazole) for copper corrosion inhibition. Both of these
materials are known to degrade in the presence of chlorine or
bromine biocides, and with their degradation a loss scale and/or
corrosion control can occur. The new program utilizes a new
chemistry that is completely halogen stable, and provides
performance far superior to that obtained with the industry
standard phosphonate and azole (tolyltriazole). The halogen
stable technology represents the first major advancement in
cooling water technology in over 30 years. Along with laboratory
data, two field case studies will be presented.
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Actives Based Monitoring and Control for Improved Cooling System Management and Performance
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Michael G. Trulear & John
Richardson, ChemTreat, Inc.
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1999
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Abstract:
Several new approaches for improving performance and
productivity in the treatment of plant cooling water systems are
discussed. The approaches are based on direct measurement of
treatment program actives including polymer, phosphate, and
phosphonate. Laboratory and field case histories are presented.
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Tweaking-The Art and Science of Successful Cooling Water Treatment
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M.A."Andy"Ward, Thomas M. Larogne, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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1999
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Abstract:
Applied cooling water chemical treatments are often accepted as
the end-of-all and the cure-for-all system problems. In fact,
environmentally accepted and safe-to-management cooling water
treatments tend to not perform up to expectations without
continuing tweaking. Furthermore, that which is tweaked must fit
the cooling water chemistry, the system's needs and often the
system's discharge needs. This manuscript specifically provides
insight as to how to adjust for success those multiplicities of
variables, which affect evaporative cooling water systems.
Tweaking, acting for success, includes balancing the
interactions among pH's, flow, temperatures, deposit biofouling,
scales, chemistry, operation, etc.
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A Non-Chemical Water Treatment Device
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John Lane, Clearwater Systems; Gerald Kutner, Engelhard
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2000
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Abstract:
A non-chemical water treatment device for treating the open-loop
side of recirculating cooling tower water has been researched
and developed for 4 years in university research centers and
private laboratories. This paper reports performance data and
describes mechanisms for the following functions: 1) the control
of microbial populations to very low levels, independent of
species or mutation, 2) the breakdown and removal of bio-film
and scale encrustation, 3) the prevention of heat-exchanger
fouling, 4) corrosion prevention on both local and uniform
attack and 5) operation of cooling towers at very high cycles of
concentration for water savings.
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Real-Time Biological Monitoring
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Davenport, Biotrace, Inc.
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2003
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Abstract:
Control of Microbiological contamination in cooling towers
requires an efficient means of measuring the contamination.
ATP-based testing methods offer immediate results and measure
the total microbial population, both aerobic and anaerobic, in
one step. Methods for spot-checking towers, measuring biocide
efficacy, detecting biofilms, and monitoring biofilm clean-up
are described. Differential effects of oxidizing and
non-oxidizing biocides on ATP response curves are demonstrated
in specific examples.
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Experience With On-Line Monitoring of Biofilms in Plant Applications
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George Licina, Structural Integrity Associates
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2003
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Abstract:
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of piping and heat
exchanger materials in cooling waters has caused expensive
unplanned outages, the need for local repairs and, in some
cases, complete system replacement. The control of biofilm on
surfaces is the most effective tool for mitigating MIC, as well
as for maintaining heat transfer in heat exchangers. Optimized
treatments require accurate, on-line monitoring of biofilm
activity. Plant experience with an electrochemical biofilm
sensor with integrated data acquisition and data analysis
capabilities for monitoring biofilm activity on metallic
surfaces and the use of that tool for optimizing biocide
additions is described.
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A Novel Polymer for Effective Cooling Water Scale Control in Stressed Conditions
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Abdulmohsen Almajnouni - Aramco Services Company
Arif Jaffer - Baker Petrolite Corporation
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2004
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Abstract:
Synthetic polymers are used to control scale in a cooling water
systems. A protocol consisting of laboratory and pilot cooling tower
techniques along with field trial were used to evaluate the
effectiveness of several established water polymers for the prevention
of scale in stressed conditions. These technologies demonstrated that
a novel polymer exhibits superior performance in stressed conditions
environment.
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Effective Chemical free Microbiological Control for Industrial Cooling Water Systems
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Joanne Kuchinski, Linda Rusznak and Edward S. Beardwood Asland Specialty Chemical
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2005
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Abstract:
Effective microbiological control is a critical component to
optimizing efficiencies in industrial cooling water systems and
oftentimes the most difficult to achieve and maintain. Due to a wide
range of reasons involving environmental discharge issues, worker
safety concerns, storage, troublesome feed equipment and impact on
system metallurgy, the selection and/or application of micro biocides
is becoming typical. A novel non chemical means of maintaining total
system microbiological control has been successfully developed and
effectively applied to industrial cooling water systems. The process
involves the unique and practical application of ultrasound and
provides both planktonic and sessile biological control. This paper
describes the treatment process as well as the advantages and benefits
achieved by maintaining system cleanliness.
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Realizing the Full Potential of Your Cooling Tower Lime/Soda Ash Blowdown Softener
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Robert Stranberg, Covanta Energy and Terry McCoy, ChemTreat, Inc.
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2006
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Abstract:
A concise and practical review of the softening process chemistry,
including a review of the many chemical additive options for different
influents emphasizing simplified chemistry maintenance is discussed.
Several useful mechanical maintenance recommendations and chemical
application modifications for often problematic operations will be
provided based on long term zero discharge experiences. A
"bonus" value proposition, the diversion of various plant
waste streams other than tower Blowdown to the softener for processing
to characteristics suitable for tower makeup and other plant uses, is
described. Lime/soda ash softener function, enhancement of the quality
of the tower circulating water is included.
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Advances in Cooling System Treatment, Monitoring and Control
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Daniel M. Cicero, Nalco Company
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2006
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Abstract:
Every cooling system operates under stress. As stress varies, the
potential for scale corrosion and fouling changes. The ability to
monitor the changing potential for these operational problems, detect
upsets and take appropriate corrective action becomes increasingly
important as systems are pushed harder to reduce total cost of
operation. Over the pas two years, new methods of managing open
industrial cooling water systems based on the actual stresses placed
upon them have been developed in and evaluated in the field. This
paper will discuss three applications where variation in system stress
presented potential for scale, corrosion, and microbial fouling.
Operational data will be presented explaining how these stresses were
managed using a comprehensive treatment, monitoring and control
strategy.
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Optimizing Industrial Cooling Water System Performance with Proper Monitoring and Control
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Jean M. Gucciardi, Gucciardi Consulting, Inc.
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2006
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Abstract:
Proper monitoring and control are the keys to cooling water system
optimization. Technological developments in monitoring equipment and
data acquisition systems have increased the options and reduced the
cost of modernization to maximize cooling water system reliability in
industrial systems. The benefits of proper control are measurable and
translate to improved system efficiency and reliability. This paper
will discuss the use of on-line instrumentation, water quality
analyses and data management methods to document the historical
operation, identify problems, troubleshoot and optimize the cooling
system operation.
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Development of an Online Multicomponent Water Treatment Analyzer
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John Richardson, Richard H. Tribble, Michael G. Trulear and Rich Geisler, ChemTreat, Inc.
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2006
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Abstract:
A new online analysis platform for water treatment systems is
discussed. The new platform has the ability to measure multiple system
analytes, including water treatment active components such as anionic
polymers. The impact of measuring key actives in cooling water
treatment is demonstrated through improved system performance and
control. Several laboratory studies and case histories are presented
which demonstrate the capabilities of this new platform.
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Cooling Tower FRP Color Considerations
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Clinton Smith, Strongwell
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2007
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Abstract:
The standard Cooling Tower Shade is a dark gray which at Strongwell is
known as slate gray. The slate gray shade typically resists color
changes when exposed to UV better than other pigmentations.
Occasionally, Cooling Tower customers request other shades for their
applications such as beige (tan) or light gray. The purpose of this
paper is to discuss what is involved in changing the shade for the
Cooling Tower applications and what pitfalls could occur with other
pigmentations.
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The Application of Solid Water Treatment Chemistry for Cooling Towers
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Fred Lattin and James Heimert, Aptech Group, Inc.
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2008
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Abstract:
Industry's use of water treatment chemistry is well documented. Because of the physical nature of the liquid products being employed, these diluted liquids are shipped as corrosives andare hazardous to handle and apply.
Solids chemistry has been developed that utilizes the current technology available but offers it in a form that is easier, safer, and more environmentally friendly to use. Solids are offered in a hard paste form that is reconstituted back into a liquid on site, by means of a unique dissolution system. Approximately 50 lbs of solid is equivalent to 500 lbs of a conventional liquid.
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New Solutions to Old Problems: Technical Innovation in Mature Markets
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Daniel M. Cicero, Nalco Company
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2008
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Abstract:
Breakthrough innovation can take years of development work and millions of dollars to bring to market. These challenges make truly new, innovative technologies in mature markets rare. This paper discusses the challenges facing market leaders in the industrial water treatment market. Specific topics include market analysis, portfolio management, development of the value proposition, the commercialization and rollout process, and post-launch support. A number of real-world examples - from relatively simple, chemical-only solutions to highly complex, fully integrated offerings combining chemicals, equipment, and information technologies - will be used to illustrate how the challenges can be overcome.
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Improved Calcium Phosphate Control For Stressed Systems
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Gary Geiger, GE Water and Process Technologies
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2008
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Abstract:
Inorganic phosphate is the most widely used mild steel corrosion inhibitor for open recirculating cooling water systems. However, effective control of calcium phosphate precipitation must be maintained both in the recirculating cooling water and at heated surfaces if corrosion is to be controlled without a loss of heat transfer efficiency. Over the past 30 years notable advances have been made in polymeric dispersant technologies that have improved calcium phosphate control. This paper discusses the performance under stressed conditions. |
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Physical Water Treatment for Cooling Towers
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David McLachlan, Fluid Treatment Solutions, Inc.
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2008
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Abstract:
This paper will review the fundamental operational principals found in the main physical water treatment systems; pressure, UV, magnetics, induced (pulsed), and static electric fields. Both scientific and empirical data will be presented. Field data will be obtained for small to large cooling towers. Data on COC, pH, conductivity, as well as scale, corrosion, and biological control will be covered.
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Dolphin 'Pulsed Power' Cooling Water Treatment
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David Alley, Clearwater Systems and Paul Puckorius, Puckorius and Associates
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2008
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Abstract:
A sequential study was conducted comparing water treatment performance of traditional chemical water treatment and Dolphin "pulsed power" water treatment. The study was conducted on the cooling tower for the University of Colorado (Boulder) ice rink. Feed water for the tower was Boulder city water. Parameters evaluated were scaling, total bacteria, and uniform corrosion. Dolphin "pulsed power" water treatment was found to perform as well or better than chemical treatment when judged by appearance of the chiller and tower fill, total bacteria counts, corrosion coupons and cycles of concentration. Water, energy, manpower and safely issues are presented.
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A Low-Cost, Safe, Effective Halogen Disinfectant for Cooling Towers
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Rodney Herrington and Susan B. Rivera, Miox Corporation
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2008
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Abstract:
On-site, on-demand generation of MIOX (mixed oxidant disinfecting solution) provides several advantages for the cooling tower industry. These include excellent control of microbial populations even at the elevated pH typical of cooling tower waters, no negative impact on traditional scale and corrosion inhibitors, and environmentally friendly operating conditions. As an inherently safe technology, it only uses common sodium chloride salt as a feed stock. The solution can be fed directly to the cooling tower and controlled via ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential). Operational sites have demonstrated significant reductions in operational costs when compared to conventional bromine or chlorine chemicals.
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Tracking Molybdate in Cooling Water
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Vadim B. Malkov and Phil Kiser, Hach Company
Blaine Nagao, Chemical, Inc
Steve Dumler, H2Tronics
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2008
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Abstract:
Molybdate-based chemicals have been used as corrosion inhibitors in cooling tower systems for several years. Although they provide superior performance, levels of molybdate have been reduced because of large price increases. It has become more necessary to control molybdate levels to optimize performance versus cost in corrosion inhibition. A new one line analyzer has been developed that can measure molybdate as molybdenum (Mo6+) with minimum maintenance. This analyzer can be used to monitor remotely when connected to data acquisition system with web based reporting. Two of these complete systems have been evaluated for several months at two sites in Texas. Comparisons have been conducted versus both bench tests. This paper will discuss results of current testing and features of the web-based monitoring system with graphs and charts illustrating its performance.
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Defining "Green" Technology in Cooling Water Systems Operation and Cooling Water Treatment
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James Green - Heisler Green
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2009
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Abstract:
Many organizations use the marketing labeling of "Green" to increase profit margins and revenue. This paper researches technology to aid in defining the term "Green" as it applies to cooling water systems. This paper will examine current Green definitions from around the world, EPA standards, and materials/controls available to help operators understand the term "Green" as definable and measurable, with attainable standards. This paper will review current installations of Green chemistry and technology to provide a case study and basis for Green technology, its application, and financial/operational savings in the variations required to address small, medium and large markets.
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The Design and Implementations of Physical water Treatment Technology in Large Flow Industrial Applications
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David McLachlan and Allen Wilson - Fluid Treatment Solutions, Inc.
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2009
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Abstract:
This paper reviews the design and installation associated with three large cooling towers with capacities from 4,000 tons to 10,000 tons. These installations are connected with a hospital, a university, and a convention center and have operational durations of 2 to 3 seasonal cycles. These design concepts give great flexibility and can be implemented in industrial applications of 100,000 GPM for most scale control requirements. The design of these PWT systems, its installation, and their results will be delineated. Data on COC, conductivity, pH, with the resulting biological, corrosion and scale control results presented.
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Progressing the Frontier of Cooling Water Process Control
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Kevin, Milici and Gary Geiger - GE Water and Process Technologies
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2009
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Abstract:
For the past several decades, industrial and non-industrial users and operators of open cooling water systems have realized a steady stream of developments and innovations in the automation and control of cooling water system chemistry. This paper discusses the performance of a new innovation for the measurement and control of polymeric dispersants used in cooling water systems and the advance moves in the industry towards the inevitable desire and efficiency of the direct measurement of functional treatment chemistries for the control and optimization of scale, deposit and corrosion because of its implicit purity, simplicity and logic.
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