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CTI Bibliography of Technical Papers - Cooling Tower Water Chemistry

Revised April 2008

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Cooling Tower Water Chemistry
Order Number Title Author Date
Amorphous Silica Scale in Cooling Waters (TP-148A) William S. Midkiff, Ph.D.& H. Pressley Foyt, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 1976
Abstract:
Copper Ion Pickup in Recirculation Cooling Tower Systems (TP-177A) Stephen F. Hager & James M. Popplewell 1977
Abstract:
Silica Species as Stabilizers of Stagnant Water Films (TP-170A) Roy V. Comezux, Exxon Research& Engineering Co. 1977
Abstract:
Reduction of Sulfate Concentration in Circulating Water (TP-198A) Karel Zadera RMC, Corp., Raymond E. Kerollis, Kerrolis Associates 1979
Abstract:
Bibliography on the Use of High Dissolved Solids Waters in Cooling Towers (TP-215B) Cooling Tower Institute's Task Group on the use of High Dissolved Solids Waters in Cooling Towers 1980
Abstract: The objective of the Task Group on the Use of High Dissolved Solids Waters in Cooling Towers is the preparation of guidelines summarizing the best available information on 1) selection of materials for cooling tower water system construction, 2) common operating problems, and 3) methods for preventing or correcting these problems.
Sewage Effluent Make-Up to Cooling Towers with Film Fill (TP-252A) Kenneth Lindemann, Southern Public Service Company 1982
Abstract: Southwestern Public Service Company has two towers operating one sewage effluent make-up that have film fill. This paper will look at the water treatment and the operating experience on these towers. One tower has been in operation since 1976 and the other since 1980. The effect of algae and slime on the fill will be discussed.
Log Diagram Predicts Chemical Performance on Calcium Carbonate (TP-272A) William S. Midkiff, Ph.D P.E., Industrial Water Engineering, Inc. 1983
Abstract: A graphic technique is used to show that the amount of calcium carbonite kept in solution by a HEDP phosphonate is a constant, regardless of pH. Imperical data can be used for this or other scale inhibiting chemicals to determine this constant.
Minimizing Calcium Phosphate Fouling and Associated Pitting Rates (TP-84-12) Paul Labine, J. Minalga, D. King & W. Norman, Petrolite Corp. 1984
Abstract: Relative heat transfer rate data from experimental cooling tower tests and a field test will be used to show the effectiveness of various calcium phosphate dispersants in minimizing fouling. Pitting corrosion rates obtained by potentiodynamic polarization techniques will be presented in addition to general corrosion rates obtained by linear polarization techniques. The effect of molecular weight and polydispersity of dispersants will be discussed.
The Importance of Crystal Structure to the Water Treatment Industry (TP-86-06) Gary Caplan, Bird Archer, Inc. 1986
Abstract: One of the most persistent problems facing the water treatment industry today is the occurrence of fouled heat transfer surfaces. Crystallization of inorganic salts having inverse solubility is one of the most common reasons for this phenomenon. Part 1 of the paper overviews the topic of crystal structure where concepts of crystal lattice, coordination principle, ionic radii and miller indices are explained. Part 2 of the article deals with crystal structure in terms of water treatment applications. Calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite) and calcium sulfate (for gypsum, anhydrite) are discussed in detail along with the concept of applying crystal modifiers to inhibit scale formation in cooling waters
Hypohalous Acid and Haloamine Flashoff in Industrial Evaporative Cooling Systems (TP-90-09) William F. McCoy, Great Lakes Chemical Corporation 1990
Abstract: The application of hypohalous acids and haloamines as industrial antimicrobials for evaporative cooling systems is an essential technology. One process that can affect the fate of oxidizing halogen in recirculating cooling water is flashoff (forced-air stripping). However, flashoff of bromine has never been studied. This subject is important because of the increasing use of bromine chemistry for industrial water treatment. Quantitative volatility comparison of hypohalous acids and certain haloamines were obtained by determining the Henry's law constant (air-water partition coefficient) in air-stripping towers. The order of decreasing volatility is ozone > chloramines > hypochlorous acid . hypobromous acid, where ozone is about 167,000 times more volatile than bromine at 20 oC. The data show that hypobromous acid is the least volatile oxidizing industrial in use today.
Traced Biocides: A New Technology for Industrial Water Treatment William F. McCoy, Scott A. Borchardt, Mark R. Hermiller, Nalco Chemical Company 1995
Abstract: Cooling water systems are susceptible to microbiofouling, more now than ever before. Operating conditions increasingly utilize alkaline pH, less toxic corrosion inhibitors, higher concentration ratios and use of reclaimed makeup water. Traced biocides are a major step forward in biocontrol technology. Benefits in clued precise documentation and on-line control of product feed and discharge, measurement of actual system consumption, measurement of biocide concentration gradients and flexibility in treatment protocol. Results from extensive laboratory studies, field trials and a case history demonstrate the new technology in situations of constant system consumption and upset conditions where biocide is inadvertently depleted.
Methods for Chlorine Control in Critical Cooling Towers Stephen A. Wortendyke, Capital Controls Co., Inc. 1996
Abstract: The precise and continuous monitoring of chlorine residual at low levels is essential to the efficient operation of cooling towers. The challenge is to control chlorine low enough to maximize the efficiency of the tower and high enough to control slime and bacterial growth. This paper will review the methods in use today to control chlorine and review a case study that tried most of these methods.
Experience with Monitoring and Control of Microbiological Growth Due to Hydrocarbon Ingress in Open Cooling Water System Arif Jaffer, Fred Chastain and Jennifer Fichter, Baker Hughes/Baker Petrolite 2006
Abstract: Monitoring and controlling microbial growth is vital to the success of a comprehensive cooling water treatment program. Hydrocarbon ingress to the cooling water requires novel approaches to control microbiological fouling. An understanding of the factors that affect microbial growth rates and the components of an effective bacterial mitigation program can minimize the severity of biofouling in the cooling water system. Experience obtained over the years has allowed development of guidelines that minimize microbiological growth and prevent shut down of the plant during hydrocarbon excursions. This paper examines one case study that illustrates the performance of a biocide treatment program and the importance of correct monitoring in a hydrocarbon environment.
Intermittent Feeding of Aseptrol Tablet Redefines the Role of C1O2 in Small and Mid-Sized Cooling Water Systems Keith Hirsch, BASF Corporation 2008
Abstract: Chlorine Dioxide is a powerful, broad-spectrum biocide with particular efficacy against algae and slime, and tolerance of high pH and water system contaminants. Until the introduction of BASF Aseptrol tablets, the use of ClO2 was limited to later systems by the capital cost and complexity of on-site generators.