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Cooling Tower Water Chemistry
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Amorphous Silica Scale in Cooling Waters (TP-148A)
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William S. Midkiff, Ph.D.& H. Pressley Foyt, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
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1976
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Abstract:
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Copper Ion Pickup in Recirculation Cooling Tower Systems (TP-177A)
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Stephen F. Hager & James M. Popplewell
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1977
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Abstract:
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Silica Species as Stabilizers of Stagnant Water Films (TP-170A)
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Roy V. Comezux, Exxon Research& Engineering Co.
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1977
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Abstract:
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Reduction of Sulfate Concentration in Circulating Water (TP-198A)
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Karel Zadera RMC, Corp., Raymond E. Kerollis, Kerrolis Associates
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1979
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Abstract:
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Bibliography on the Use of High Dissolved Solids Waters in Cooling Towers (TP-215B)
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Cooling Tower Institute's Task Group on the use of High Dissolved Solids Waters in
Cooling Towers
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1980
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Abstract:
The objective of the Task Group on the Use of High Dissolved
Solids Waters in Cooling Towers is the preparation of guidelines
summarizing the best available information on 1) selection of
materials for cooling tower water system construction, 2) common
operating problems, and 3) methods for preventing or correcting
these problems.
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Sewage Effluent Make-Up to Cooling Towers with Film Fill (TP-252A)
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Kenneth Lindemann, Southern Public Service Company
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1982
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Abstract:
Southwestern Public Service Company has two towers operating one
sewage effluent make-up that have film fill. This paper will
look at the water treatment and the operating experience on
these towers. One tower has been in operation since 1976 and the
other since 1980. The effect of algae and slime on the fill will
be discussed.
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Log Diagram Predicts Chemical Performance on Calcium Carbonate (TP-272A)
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William S. Midkiff, Ph.D P.E., Industrial Water Engineering, Inc.
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1983
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Abstract:
A graphic technique is used to show that the amount of calcium
carbonite kept in solution by a HEDP phosphonate is a constant,
regardless of pH. Imperical data can be used for this or other
scale inhibiting chemicals to determine this constant.
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Minimizing Calcium Phosphate Fouling and Associated Pitting Rates (TP-84-12)
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Paul Labine, J. Minalga, D. King & W. Norman, Petrolite Corp.
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1984
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Abstract:
Relative heat transfer rate data from experimental cooling tower
tests and a field test will be used to show the effectiveness of
various calcium phosphate dispersants in minimizing fouling.
Pitting corrosion rates obtained by potentiodynamic polarization
techniques will be presented in addition to general corrosion
rates obtained by linear polarization techniques. The effect of
molecular weight and polydispersity of dispersants will be
discussed.
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The Importance of Crystal Structure to the Water Treatment Industry (TP-86-06)
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Gary Caplan, Bird Archer, Inc.
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1986
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Abstract:
One of the most persistent problems facing the water treatment
industry today is the occurrence of fouled heat transfer
surfaces. Crystallization of inorganic salts having inverse
solubility is one of the most common reasons for this
phenomenon. Part 1 of the paper overviews the topic of crystal
structure where concepts of crystal lattice, coordination
principle, ionic radii and miller indices are explained. Part 2
of the article deals with crystal structure in terms of water
treatment applications. Calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite)
and calcium sulfate (for gypsum, anhydrite) are discussed in
detail along with the concept of applying crystal modifiers to
inhibit scale formation in cooling waters
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Hypohalous Acid and Haloamine Flashoff in Industrial Evaporative Cooling Systems
(TP-90-09)
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William F. McCoy, Great Lakes Chemical Corporation
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1990
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Abstract:
The application of hypohalous acids and haloamines as industrial
antimicrobials for evaporative cooling systems is an essential
technology. One process that can affect the fate of oxidizing
halogen in recirculating cooling water is flashoff (forced-air
stripping). However, flashoff of bromine has never been studied.
This subject is important because of the increasing use of
bromine chemistry for industrial water treatment. Quantitative
volatility comparison of hypohalous acids and certain haloamines
were obtained by determining the Henry's law constant (air-water
partition coefficient) in air-stripping towers. The order of
decreasing volatility is ozone > chloramines >
hypochlorous acid . hypobromous acid, where ozone is about
167,000 times more volatile than bromine at 20 oC. The data show
that hypobromous acid is the least volatile oxidizing industrial
in use today.
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Traced Biocides: A New Technology for Industrial Water Treatment
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William F. McCoy, Scott A. Borchardt, Mark R. Hermiller, Nalco Chemical Company
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1995
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Abstract:
Cooling water systems are susceptible to microbiofouling, more
now than ever before. Operating conditions increasingly utilize
alkaline pH, less toxic corrosion inhibitors, higher
concentration ratios and use of reclaimed makeup water. Traced
biocides are a major step forward in biocontrol technology.
Benefits in clued precise documentation and on-line control of
product feed and discharge, measurement of actual system
consumption, measurement of biocide concentration gradients and
flexibility in treatment protocol. Results from extensive
laboratory studies, field trials and a case history demonstrate
the new technology in situations of constant system consumption
and upset conditions where biocide is inadvertently depleted.
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Methods for Chlorine Control in Critical Cooling Towers
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Stephen A. Wortendyke, Capital Controls Co., Inc.
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1996
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Abstract:
The precise and continuous monitoring of chlorine residual at
low levels is essential to the efficient operation of cooling
towers. The challenge is to control chlorine low enough to
maximize the efficiency of the tower and high enough to control
slime and bacterial growth. This paper will review the methods
in use today to control chlorine and review a case study that
tried most of these methods.
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Experience with Monitoring and Control of Microbiological Growth Due to Hydrocarbon Ingress in Open Cooling Water System
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Arif Jaffer, Fred Chastain and Jennifer Fichter, Baker Hughes/Baker Petrolite
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2006
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Abstract:
Monitoring and controlling microbial growth is vital to the success of
a comprehensive cooling water treatment program. Hydrocarbon ingress
to the cooling water requires novel approaches to control
microbiological fouling. An understanding of the factors that affect
microbial growth rates and the components of an effective bacterial
mitigation program can minimize the severity of biofouling in the
cooling water system. Experience obtained over the years has allowed
development of guidelines that minimize microbiological growth and
prevent shut down of the plant during hydrocarbon excursions. This
paper examines one case study that illustrates the performance of a
biocide treatment program and the importance of correct monitoring in
a hydrocarbon environment.
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Intermittent Feeding of Aseptrol Tablet Redefines the Role of C1O2 in Small and Mid-Sized Cooling Water Systems
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Keith Hirsch, BASF Corporation
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2008
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Abstract:
Chlorine Dioxide is a powerful, broad-spectrum biocide with particular efficacy against algae and slime, and tolerance of high pH and water system contaminants. Until the introduction of BASF Aseptrol tablets, the use of ClO2 was limited to later systems by the capital cost and complexity of on-site generators.
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