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Corrosion
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Corrosion Resistant Materials for Cooling Tower Hardware (TPR-126)
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Wesley W. Smith
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1961
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Abstract:
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The Corrosion Engineer Looks at the Cooling Tower (TP-13A)
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David W. McDowell, Jr., Southwest Research Institute
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1964
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Abstract:
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A Report on Cathodic Protection of Underground Piping Systems at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (TP-57A)
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L.C. Burkhalter, M.F. Shelton & E.H. Tomlinson, Union Carbide Corporation
Nuclear Division
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1968
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Abstract:
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Protection of Iron and Steel Through Hot Dip Galvanizing (TP-69A)
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K.S. Frazier, American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association
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1969
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Abstract:
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Fundamentals of Corrosion in Cooling Water Systems (TP-102A)
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William R. Hollingshad, Calgon Corporation
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1972
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Abstract:
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The Evaluation of Nonchromium Low Zinc Cooling Water Corrosion Control Additive (TP-171A)
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Richard E. Badger, Shell Oil Company
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1977
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Abstract:
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Proper Start Up of Cooling Towers Systems - Prevent Initial Corrosion and Fouling (TP-162A)
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Paul R. Puckorius, Puckorius and Associates, Inc.
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1977
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Abstract:
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On Stream Evaluation of General and Pitting Corrosion Rates in Cooling Using Potentiodynamic Techniques (TP-190A)
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A.E. Woodson, Petrolite Corp., Tretolite Division
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1978
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Abstract:
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Numerical Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitor Effectiveness and Supplier's Technical Services (TP-211A)
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William W. Wheeler, Rohm and Haas Texas, Inc.
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1979
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Abstract:
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Development of Procedures for Pretreating Mild Steel Cooling Water Exchangers (TP-270A)
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Raymond M. Pasteris, Mobil Research & Development Corp.
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1983
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Abstract:
Persistent corrosion of carbon steel cooling water heat
exchangers in a large refinery prompted investigation into
various pretreatment methods. Test heat exchangers with carbon
steel tubes were pretreated in various manners to establish an
effective pretreatment program. This article details the
procedures and results of the bench studies and outlines
effective full scale pretreatment methods instituted as a result
of the bench studies.
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Cooling Tower Hardware Corrosion Studies (TP-263A)
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Steven C. Blue, Union Carbide Corporation
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1983
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Abstract:
A program is being conducted to identify alternate materials for
maintenance of a system of cooling towers. Samples of fasteners
and weldments of corrosion resistant metals and sheets for
plastics have been placed in different zones of cooling tower
and tested in the laboratory after several years of exposure.
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Experience With Galvanized Cooling on Alkaline Treatment Programs (TP-86-04)
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John C. Smedley, Olin Water Services
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1986
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Abstract:
The trend toward high pH cooling water treatment programs and
their effect on hot dip galvanized cooling towers is discussed.
Included are typical ranges of cooling water quality, corrosion
rates experienced in the sytems and deposit composition when
experienced. The effects of concentration cells on galvanized
steel in high solids water will be addressed. Also included are
observations and experiences for maintaining trouble free
operation.
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A Petroleum Based System for Control of External Corrosion In, On and Around Cooling Towers (TP-86-16)
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Michael A. Berry & Carroll N. Steely, Denso, Inc., & James F. Axsom, P.E.,
Consultant
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1986
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Abstract:
The pros and cons of a long-term, external corrosion control
system based on petrolatum compounds in the form of paste,
mastic and impregnated tapes for cooling tower pipe work and
structural steel members. Surface preparation, on stream
application techniques, conformability, performance and life
expectancy will be covered, supported by case histories and
color slides.
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Corrosive Water - A Brazilian Reality (TP-87-17)
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Jose Otavio Silva, Messias Candido Amaral & Flavio Bianchi, Aquatec Quimica,
S.A.
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1987
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Abstract:
In Brazil, for the majority of open recirculating systems,
make-up water contains a low dissolved solids index and its main
contaminants are aluminum and iron. The first one derives from
raw water clarification process leakage; the latter may have the
same origin and/or may be a product of equipment and lines
corrosion. Iron and aluminum form a compound of low solubility
product that may seriously affect the heat transfer. Considering
these characteristics, treatment programs were developed. The
high efficiency of these programs is due to "high performance"
dispersants that assure a perfect performance for corrosion
inhibitors and biocides. This paper shows four years well
succeeded programs used at a crude refinery where-own process
contamination (sulphide, hydrocarbon) generally effect
negatively any treatment program applied.
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Reducing Copper Corrosion and Discharge Via a Novel Inhibitor and Applications Program (TP-89-01)
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Orin Hollander & Charles Shelton, Betz Industrial, & Ronald Griffin, City of
Tallahassee Electric Dept.
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1989
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Abstract:
The A.B. Hopkins Generating Station operates under severe copper
discharge limits of 30 ppb at the discharge point. A program of
continuous feed of 3 ppm of Tolyltriazole reduced Admiralty
Brass corrosion rates from 1.5 mpy to 0.15 mpy, and copper
discharge from 400 ppb to 120 ppb. A new proprietary inhibitor,
which is feed for 10 minutes every 3 weeks to 5 ppm active
reduced corrosion rates to 0.0w mpy and copper discharge to
20-25 ppb.
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Investigation of Alternative Inhibitor Programs for Highly Corrosive Alkaline Waters (TP-89-11)
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Greg Simpson & Richard Murtagh, Burmah Technical Services, Inc.
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1989
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Abstract:
The poor performance of a particular corrosion inhibitor package
in an open evaporative cooling system resulted in increased
efforts to find alternate inhibitors, which would give
acceptable corrosion results. Through the molybdate-based
inhibitor is used with very good results in other towers with
similar waters the results in this tower were marginal to poor.
A laboratory investigation was undertaken to assess the
performance of a conventional HEDP-Zinc package and HEDP-Low
Zinc package and a proprietary Phosphonate-Low Zinc (PPLZ)
package relative to that of the existing program. This paper
presents the results of both the laboratory evaluation and field
trial that resulted.
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An Alternative Oxidizer, Bromine Offers a Northeast Chemical Plant Improved Corrosion and Fouling Control (TP-90-08)
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Mark J. Giusto, Drew Industrial Division
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1990
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Abstract:
Chlorine was historically used as the oxidizing microbiocide at
this location as it was considered the most economic
alternative. Recent changes in state law, with respect to the
storage of chlorine gas, forced the plant to review other
oxidizing chemistries, which previously were considered
economically unattractive. A trial was run on solid bromine
releasing compounds and on activated sodium bromide. Change in
corrosion rates and in the amount and type of suspected matter
in the water was noted. Improved fouling control and reduction
of corrosion rates of admiralty brass and mild steel resulted.
Cost comparisons are made.
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Cooling Water Corrosion Problems in the Utility Industry: MIC Case Histories (TP-91-13)
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Paul R. Puckorius & Robert T. Hess, Puckorius and Associates, Inc.
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1991
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Abstract:
Service water corrosion problems in both the nuclear and fossil
fuel plants have been related to both water quality and
Microbiological Induced Corrosion (MIC). Investigation of water
quality, operating conditions, and effective monitoring are
necessary to identify the principle causes for pitting of both
mild steel and stainless steel. Case histories illustrate this
investigation and causes. Various corrective measures are
provided along with support data.
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Update on White Rust Corrosion and Control (TP-91-14)
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Keith M. Johnson & Joseph B. Mihelic, Drew Industrial Division
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1991
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Abstract:
The problem of "white rust" of galvanized steel cooling towers
is defined. The available published literature is reviewed
briefly. Laboratory work designed to determine the impact of
several chemical and physical parameters are described. The
nature of the protective layer which forms on galvanized steel
surfaces in contact with different chemical environments is
described. A generic procedure to minimize white rust in
new-galvanized cooling towers is proposed.
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Pitting Corrosion of Cooling Water Systems
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Mark A. Lisin, P.E. & Thomas M. Laronge, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc.
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1994
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Abstract:
Operation of cooling water systems requires that availability of
system components be optimized. Pitting corrosion of pumps,
valves, heat exchangers, piping, etc. impacts this availability.
Pitting due to crevices, microbiological activity, deposit is,
materials selection, system operation and other variables is
discussed. Prevention and control guidelines for pitting
corrosion in cooling water systems based upon real system
experience are presented.
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The Control of Ferrous Metal Corrosion in Cooling Water by a Novel Phosphonate Corrosion Inhibitor
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David A. Little, Wayne A. Mitchell & E.S. Lawson, Grace Dearborn
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1994
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Abstract:
The use of a novel phosphonate corrosion inhibitor improves
general steel corrosion and steel pitting corrosion in cooling
water systems. This halogen stable phosphonate inhibitor shows
efficacy for traditional continuous flow cooling systems and
additionally for cooling systems characterized by low or no flow
for extended periods of time. Case histories for performance at
an air separation plant and at a plastic mold injection plant
are documented.
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Cathodic Protection of the Palo Verde Cooling Towers
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William R. Schutt, Matcor, Inc.
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1996
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Abstract:
This paper discusses the concrete damage due to the corrosion of
the reinforcing steel in the nine cooling towers at this nuclear
power plant. Although some conventional concrete repairs were
tried, they were unsuccessful. The cause of the concrete damage
was the corrosion of the reinforcing steel. After a series of
tests and trial cathodic protection systems, a full-scale
cathodic protection installation program was started. The paper
documents the process and how the cathodic protection system is
saving the owner almost ninety million dollars.
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Analyzing Corrosion Rates of Copper for Open Recirculating Systems
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Gary Caplan, Diversey Water Technologies Ltd.
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1996
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Abstract:
A Total Quality Management (TQM) Program consists of at least
three topics: Quality Function Development, Quality Costs and
Problem Solving Techniques. This paper reviews five problem
solving techniques in order to solve the following problem: "Why
are copper corrosion rates as measured by coupon so high in
recirculating cooling waters?" The techniques used include
brainstorming, flow charts, histograms, and papeto analysis and
cause-and effect diagrams. Although copper was the metal of
interest, these approaches can be used to study corrosion of
other metals or to evaluate any other problem.
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Corrosion Inhabition of Ferrous Metal in Soft Water Under Cooling Water Conditions
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Colin Hogan, FMC Process Additives Division
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1996
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Abstract:
Corrosion control is a critical factor in the maintenance of low
hardness, or soft industrial cooling water systems. Soft water
corrosion problems are increasing due to the use of non-chemical
pretreatment systems, e.g., desalination and reverse osmosis.
Using process simulation and electrochemical data. This paper
describes the use of currently available chemical technology as
a possible solution to this problem comprising phosphonate
chemistry have been optimized for minimum corrosion rates in
representative test waters.
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Elucidation of Components of Aromatic Triazole Demand in Cooling Water Systems and Development of More Environmentally Friendly Yellow Metal Corrosion Inhibitor.
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Narasimha M. Rao, Donald A. Johnson, Frank F. Lu, Nalco Chemical Company; N.P.
Nghhiem, Oakridge Nat'l Laboratory
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1997
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Abstract:
Concern about aquatic toxicity of cooling water discharges has
driven the development of biodegradable inhibitors for use in
cooling water treatment. Aromatic 1,2,3-Triazoles are important
components of corrosion inhibitor package of most cooling water
formulations. This paper examines the correlation between
structure of aromatic triazoles and the ease of their
biodegradation. The mechanism and kinetics of biodegration and
the impact of structure-specific biodegradation rates of isomers
on inhibitor consumption in power plant applications is
discussed. The understanding of structure-biodegradability
correlations has led to the development of new, more
environmentally friendly yellow metal corrosion inhibitors,
which also posses superior yellow metal corrosion inhibition
performance. The properties of one of these inhibitors are
discussed.
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Corrosion and Biofouling Control in a Refinery Cooling Water System Using Sewage Water as a Make-up.
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Abdulmohsen Almajnouni, Saudi Arabia Oil Company and Arif Jaffer, Consultant
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2002
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Abstract:
Experience has shown that corrosion and biofouling control are
important factors in operating a "clean" open evaporative
cooling water system. Treated sewage water as make-up to the
cooling tower requires novel approaches to control corrosion and
biofouling besides meeting environmental regulations. An
intensive field study was conducted to evaluate the
effectiveness of a non-chromate treatment program. On-line
cleaning of the exchangers occurred prior to instituting the new
chemical treatment program. Low carbon steel corrosion rates
with minimal deposition was achieved. Microbiological fouling
was controlled with chlorination and non-oxidizing biocide
program. Field tests are presented that compares the efficacy of
these proprietary treatments to control corrosion and inhibit
scale and biofouling. Analytical results are presented that
provide a comprehensive evaluation program of a new non-chromate
chemical treatment program.
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Improving Localized Corrosion in a Complex Cooling Water System
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Michael H. Dorset and Art Brunn, DuPont; Kevin Daigle, ChemTreat, Inc
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2006
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Abstract:
A DuPont plant has experienced severe localized corrosion from a
complex corrosion phenomenon in its cooling water system. A large
semi-closed cooling water system was created ten years ago and since
has had aggressive corrosion attack particularly on carbon steel
surfaces. A new treatment program has been applied and is currently
providing improvement. The paper will present performance data on the
treatment program and other steps that have been taken to upgrade
system performance. This program is in progress and additional data
will be includes as it is developed.
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Cooling Water - Optimal Control of Admiralty Corrosion Utilizing Multiple Halogen Sources
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Gene Dombrowski, ChemTreat, Inc. and John Zimowski, Dupont
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2007
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Abstract:
Effective copper alloy and steel corrosion control, along with
effective fouling control, can be major challenges in industrial
cooling water systems. Major issues include achieving effective
chlorine and copper alloy inhibitor feed rates and proper residual
control. This paper provides a case history that describes how
monitoring of cooling water chemistry, corrosion monitoring, and
fouling monitoring were used to achieve effective performance results
under difficult conditions. Advantages of using bleach and activated
bromide to subsidize the gaseous chlorine application are discussed.
Some of the monitoring tools used to determine adequate treatment
concentrations and to optimize performance with respect to chemical
costs and avoided costs are described.
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Corrosion-Induced Concrete Deterioration and Rehabilitation of Natural Draft Hyperbolic Cooling Tower
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Leandro Etcheverry, Corrosion Restoration Technologies
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2007
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Abstract:
Since an environmental conductive to corrosion-induced deterioration
exists in natural draft hyperbolic cooling towers, understanding of
the deterioration mechanisms as well as effective rehabilitation
strategies are required to preserve the value of natural draft
hyperbolic cooling towers. Due to the progressive nature of corrosion
deterioration, the consequences and costs associated with delaying
repairs can be significant. By utilizing state-of-the-art concrete
repair technology augmented with high performance construction
materials and protection systems, cost effective repair programs can
be implemented. These repair programs can extend service life and
protect the value of the high initial investment associated with the
construction of hyperbolic natural draft cooling towers.
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New Liquid Biocide Products for Specific Industrial Water Treatment Requirements
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Christopher Nalepa, Albemarle Corporation
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2007
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Abstract:
Liquid biocides continue to be a popular choice for control of
microorganisms in industrial water systems and numerous treatment
options exist in both oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocide categories.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a family of liquid biocides
based on bromine chloride as the active ingredient. These products
were developed with the requirements of specific water treatment
segments in mind. Products are available for both the commercial and
middle-market segments that deliver the convenience and consistent
activity that is much valued in these market segments. Higher activity
products were also developed for large-volume heavy-industrial
applications that feature activity approaching that of fresh
"off-the-line" bleach while still delivering the benefits of
a stabilized bromine system. This paper will point out the unique
features of this family of products and show comparative field and
laboratory data to aid in proper biocide selection.
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A New Organic Closed Loop Corrosion Inhibitor
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William Beer, GE Water Process Technology
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2007
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Abstract:
A new all-organic closed loop corrosion inhibitor has been developed
that can replace the traditional Molybdate/Nitrite products. This
product uses a unique combination of three components to provide mild
steel corrosion passivation along with a copper inhibitor and
polymeric dispersant. The performance results of the new product in
actual closed loop system will be discussed. The systems chosen to
evaluate the product in field applications represent a variety of
water chemistries, metallurgy, biological, and temperature conditions
normally encountered.
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